Sociological Methods Of Research

Sociological Methods Of Research Sociology studies the social structures and influences society has on people, their experiences and interpretations of the world around them. Sociology provides information on how human societies are constructed, where our belief system may stem from, our daily routines and how social identities are formed. This essay will cover a small fraction of sociology; Quantitative and Qualitative methodology, its advantages and limitations. What will also be covered is quantitative approach to suicide by Emile Durkheim (1897) and his critic, J.D Douglas qualitative approach to suicide. (Tutor2U 2010) Emile Durkheim (1938) advocated Comtes methodology and agreed that social factors should be studied rather than what goes on internally; his rule was to consider social facts as things, he believed social facts make individuals behave in a certain ways (Haralambous). Sociologists use different methodologies to reach their conclusion; ways of producing and analyzing data so the theories can be tested which are then accepted or rejected. Durkheim adopted the methods of natural science by applying the use of quantitative methods in his suicide study. There are two ways in conducting a research, primary and secondary research. Primary research is where sociologist has to start from scratch as there is no data available, for it to be taken from. In order to do this the researcher needs to design they method of collecting data and analyze the results. Primary research is only validated if the research gives true measurement, descriptions or explanation of what was being studied. Unfortunately there is a likely hood that these finding may not be actually explain peoples everyday settings or actions. (Haralambous p815-16) Secondary research is data that has already been produced by a previous researcher(s); Organizations such as companies, charities, trade unions are useful sources of data as well as documents such as letters, autobiographies and dairies. Secondary research may not be specific enough for researchers needs which in that case means they may have to look at more than one source to come to a conclusion and not only that but more than necessary time is taken up, also information given by the secondary data are sometimes questionable which is why the research has to be aware of this disadvantage (Haralambous 838-9) Quantitative research, in sociology, contains measurements of variables within society; people and groups. In order to get peoples opinions, a survey may be carried out; fieldwork, experiments or documentary research. When these methods are carried out, the researchers are usually avoiding being biased. In order to be unbiased as possible questions that are asked in a closed question form, so the participants replies are very limited or generalised observations are then conducted. Researchers who carrying out quantitative research do not want to get distracted from the intent of the research; they know exactly what they are looking for so their researches are controlled, with closed questions or only statistical information (McGuigan 2010). Alternatively, qualitative research, in sociology, attempts to gather more in depth understanding of individuals or groups actions in the context of social life (Giddens 2009). There usually is no scientific evidence and if there is, its very little evidence. When using qualitative methods of research the investigator is more interested in deeper truths; they prefer to observe things in their natural settings, make sense of things and interpret the information gained; in order to gain information they may interview people or observe them in non artificial settings. Qualitative is more theoretical rather than statistical. Information gained explores deeper into their interest and then data is collected by either observing or interviewing and from the data gain helps generate a hypothesis. Qualitative research digs deeper into reasons of why people may act the way they do. A survey is a method used by researchers to gather information from a sample of individuals whether its from a certain gender, age, race etc where the researchers interest is at and changes depending on the purpose of the study. These samples of individuals are questioned on their information that will help the sociologist conclude, questions can be very much closed questions or open, they are sent out to participants or administered directly; surveys can have a variety of purposes and questions are asked in standardized procedures so the same questions are asked; Surveys help obtain a composite profile of the population. In all reputable survey organizations, organisers should present their results anonymously (Scheuren). Surveys are an advantage for generalizing a big group by getting smaller groups to answer the questions once there is an efficient amount of results. Unfortunately there is a risk of answers to the questions being answered falsely, may not actually reflect their tr ue feelings or may even seem superficial. Surveys can be used to either get quantitative or qualitative data, solely relies on the wording of the question, whether its a open question or a closed question. Field work is when the investigator hangs out, works or lives with a group, organization or community and lives the realism of the environment by taking direct part in their activities; in other words real world experience. Investigators who take part in this are likely to have a better understanding of those who actually are a part of what they are investigating. This method is more likely to be used to have a qualitative outcome. There are two types of experiments, one being laboratory and the other being field experiment. Experiments are used to test the hypothesis and the relationships between the two variables are tested. It is conducted in a controlled environment where the variables are isolated and the correlation between things can be discovered. In sociology laboratory experiments are barely used as they believed variables cannot be controlled, the environment people are put in are artificial which will lead to the actions of people being artificial too and they do not believe its right to put laboratories just to measure the effect of variables. Field experiments have been proved to be more used and affective in sociology as they are conducted in normal everyday situations and environments; variables cannot be controlled. Although field experiments arent conducted in laboratory they are still not exact but are more valid than lab experiments as the actions from the people are real; less artificial. B ut if people are aware that they are taking part in a experiment their actions can become artificial, for an example workers may work harder in normal conditions because they know they are being observed. Emile Durkheim (1897) did a socially confusing study on suicide based on the hypothesis; as the individuals social unity decreased it was found there was an increase of suicide rates. Durkheim (1897) did not believe that reasoning for suicide was an individual act, he believed suicide was a social fact that can be proved by other social facts; the larger social forces can account for social facts. Durkheim (1897) employed quantitative research to his study of suicide, to make it have a scientific backbone as he believed it to be more rich and valid, by examining the official suicide statistics in France; these official statistics were secondary sources produced by the government. He believed that patterns of suicide were linked to the way which individuals were integrated and regulated by society and how they controlled them, he identified there were four types of suicide, and he generalized these four types of suicide to everyone; the four were Egoistic, Anomic, Altruistic and Fatal istic suicide. Egoistic suicide is when an individual is isolated or their ties to a group is broken or weakened; Catholics and Protestants. Anomic suicide is when an individual feels his life has a lack of meaning and feels as they are worthless, this can be a result of a divorce. Altruistic suicide is when an individual values others more for an example a mother who pushes their child out the way of a oncoming car and hurts herself or a suicide bomber. Fatalistic suicide is when an individual feels hopeless about their fate or feels excessively restraint for an example an individual may take their own life before the police arrest them to avoid being in a cell for the rest of their life or many years. Egotistic and Anomic are the two most common occurred, of the four. In contrast to Durkheims study of suicide Douglas (1967) is one of the many interpretive sociologists; interpretive approach strongly advocate qualitative data as they believe sociologists should be able to understand and interpret the meanings and motives of actions and quantitative data does not help discover meanings and motives. Interpretative sociologists reject studying social facts as things, they say natural sciences deal with matter and matter does not have a mind which in that case has no consciousness which in that case there is no meaning in behaviour. Interpretive approach acknowledges that people have consciousness, it is believed that people will interpret the meaning of a stimulus and then react to it; meaning is attached to the stimulus. J.D Douglas (1967) conducted his study Social meanings of Suicide, he believed that the official statistics were systematically biased and could have been made up by friends, families, and coroners. He disputed that Durkheim (YEAR) neglected other meanings attached to why an individual may commit suicide, he believed it to be wrong that Durkheim (YEAR) would treat all suicides the same without investigating other reasonings. Douglas was concerned with meanings of suicide and believed there to be different reasons behind a suicide than the four generalisations Durkheim (YEAR) had made. In Douglass (1967) study of social meanings for suicide he believed there to be four different meanings of suicide. Douglas (1967) believed in qualitative research methods to find his answers to why an individual would commit suicide; his methods were conducting case studies, unstructured interviews and diaries, from his investigations he found four types of suicide, the four are Transformation of the s oul, this is where it is used as a way of getting into heaven, transformation of self, this is where the individual would want others to think differently of them, suicide where an individual wants sympathy and suicide where the individual tries to get revenge by leaving the other person feeling guilty.

Comparing British Welfare Systems with 2 Other Countries

A 2000 word comparative review of the ways different countries approach welfare, as discussed on the unit. The aim of this essay is to discuss and compare the British Welfare system with Germany and Sweden’s welfare systems. A welfare system is the structure of welfare provisions and services that provide a specific social need, but it is not only provided or organised solely by the government (Blakemore, 2001). It is a view that is rooted in individual exchanges between five organisations (State/Government, Market/Private Sector, Family/Kin networks, Local Communities and Civil Society).It reflects the history and cultures of different countries around the world (Haralambos, 2012). It is these providers that assume principal responsibilities of how welfare systems are organised and how they are worked for the welfare of its people in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security (Haralambos & Holborn, 2012b). The essay will focus on Adult Disability benef its and describe which of the main provider delivers disability benefits for the short-term and long term unemployed.The essay will also describe how they work and what patterns of provision is provided for the disabled. Then comparisons will be made on how the British welfare approaches on disability payments are provided and how they work, and I will examine the differences and similarities to each countries welfare system. The structure of the essay is based on a comparative method systematically designed for equivalences, similarities and shared common features. According to (Landman, 2004) the selection process involves two main types of research designs.Comparing different results across similar countries is known as ‘most similar systems’ and comparing similar outcomes across different countries known as ‘most different systems’. Either way using similarities and differences of different countries is meant to uncover what is common to each country (L andman, 2004, p28). The methodology approach is to select a ‘small –N’ (a few countries) and use the ‘trine’ method of involving three countries (Lewis, 2012). The method identified common features of the British welfare state with that of Germany and Sweden.Classification is a way of grouping common features which are mutual with other countries (Lewis, 2012). All 3 countries have a welfare system for those who have full or permanent disabilities. In order for things to be comparable they have to share certain features like welfare systems and have common features, called equivalences. Most countries have common features such as institutions, policies and services without these common features a comparison cannot be made. The essay will draw on an implicit approach rather than explicit because it is the British welfare system that comparisons are being made.All countries provide certain benefits for those who have full and permanent disabilities but they differ in the types of benefits they provide. Studies reviewed showed that some countries have changed part or the entire financial burden of short-term benefits from governments onto employers and private organisations. Disability benefits are provided by the state or local governments by all three countries however, in the UK only short term benefits are provided but in Germany and Sweden both short term and time limited benefits are provided for the disabled (Mitra, 2009). In the United Kingdom, the disability employment rate has been at 40%† (Huang et al, 2009, p. 46). The Liberal state of the United Kingdom faced major crisis of social and economic modernisation at the end of the Second World War. It was David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill who led the drive for what became the National Insurance Act of 1911, which brought in disability insurance. In fact, the reconstruction of welfare in the UK involved a set of relationship between the state, the market and th e family (Clarke & Logan, 1993).The Disability and Carers Service, which is part of the Department of Work & Pension (DWP) has the responsibility of providing benefits for people on benefits such as DLA. DLA is a tax-free benefit to help with extra costs you may have because your’re disabled, this is given to all claimants whether they are working or not (Directgov). Some people who make a claim for DLA may be asked to have a medical examination. Working tax credits was introduced in 2003 along with disability element to help people stay in work or to return to work (Mitra, 2009).Then the 2005 Disability Discrimination Act came into force (Haralambos & Holborn, 2009). (Burchardt, 2000) cited that according to the European Commission (1998), people with disabilities have low levels of participation in society and the employment rate for people with disabilities is 20-30% lower than people without disabilities (Huang, 2009). From 2013 Disability Living Allowance for disabled pe ople aged 16 to 64 will be replaced by a new Personal Independence Payment programme (Directgov).This is a non-means tested, tax free benefit. The DWP is to run a pilot scheme to help assist and reintroduce claimants back into the job market (Mitra, 2009), this will lead to employers paying short term benefits rather than the state. In Sweden it is the Local government responsibility for welfare services. It was from the 13th century that the first local legislation was seen as the responsibility of the local parish to take care of the poor (Bergmark & Minas, 2006, p. 15).The Swedish health system for people with disabilities are that national policy is plainly maintained by legislation and political agreement (Lilja et al, 2003). Swedish disability systems are organised in 3 hierarchical levels; the state, the county councils and the local authorities. However, this responsibility has expired over time and the national government decided to place a great deal of the responsibility for public services on the local authorities (Lilja et al, 2003). In Sweden policies relating to people with disabilities is provided through integration, full contribution and equality.Ministry of Health and social affairs (2000) reported the Swedish parliament had adopted a national policy for individuals with disabilities; they should have the same rights and obligations as everyone and be offered equal resources no matter where they lived (Lilja et al, 2003). While central government is to blame of legislation, general designing and distribution similarly as social insurance, authorities (municipalities) are answerable for social services, and regional government (county councils) for health care.Municipal social services additionally the} health and medical services of county councils are ruled by framework legislation that specifies the framework and objectives of activities however that also affords municipalities and county councils ample chance to interpret the law and form their activities in line with their own pointers People with disabilities will apply for municipal grants to change their homes.Actions like housing with special services for adults, or daily activities for those that are inactive and not enrolled in education are regulated by the Act regarding Support and repair for Persons with sure purposeful Impairments. County councils and municipalities are answerable for that health care help and is provided within the type of rehabilitation and habilitation. however there has been ongoing discussion regarding shifting a number of the price from state as a full to the individual user within the type of increasing the little fees some county councils and native authorities need and presumably reducing subsidies.While central government is in charge of legislation, general planning and distribution as well as social insurance, local authorities (municipalities) are responsible for social services, and regional government (county councils) for health care. Municipal social services and the health and medical services of county councils are governed by framework legislation which specifies the framework and objectives of activities but which also affords municipalities and county councils ample opportunity to interpret the law and shape their activities according to their own guidelines (Olney & Lyle, 2011).More than 70 organisations represent specific disability groups with 2,000 local associations. These organisations receive financial backing from the state, county councils and local authorities (Bahle, 2003). High spending on disability and unemployment helps to prevent poverty and social exclusion in these groups. The local authorities and county councils together have the basic responsibility for ensuring that people with disabilities are guaranteed good health and economic and social stability, and also for enabling the individual to lead an independent life.People with disabilities can apply for municipal grants to modify their homes. Actions such as housing with special services for adults, or daily activities for those who are inactive and not enrolled in education are regulated by the Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments. County councils and municipalities are responsible for that health care assistance and is provided in the form of rehabilitation and habilitation.But there has been ongoing discussion about shifting some of the cost from state as a whole to the individual user in the form of increasing the small fees some county councils and local authorities require and possibly reducing subsidies. Country by Country The form of the welfare state that emerged was The ‘social state' of Germany began in the late 19th century when Bismarck was concerned the political left would oppose his place in power, he decided to introduce welfare provision into Germany to gain support from the left (Esping-Anderson, 1998).Bismarck's basic idea was th at people who were in work would pay into a scheme and this money would be distributed back to the poor (Ginsburg, 1993), he introduced the world's first State Social Insurance Scheme in 1883 (Bryson, 1992). The welfare system was about the basic needs of the state, with individuals helping themselves, the state would only intervene if it was absolutely necessary (Ginsburg, 1993). It was upon this base that Germany placed the future of welfare provision. Between 1950 and 1970 Germany's welfare system started to take shape.Interested in individual well being, the Christian, Catholic and Trade Unionists sections of the Government were introducing policies to increase job security (George, 1996). The neo- liberal ideas of strong market economy, individualism and democratic culture paired with the egalitarian approach to policy saw very distinctive priorities forming, of liberalism, conservative. Another example of how a corporatist system works in practice can be seen in the way a new insurance scheme for long term care was introduced in Germany in the mid-1990s.Time limited benefits was introduced in disability systems by the government via social insurance or social assistance programs (Mitra, 2009). The German welfare system is comprehensive and generous Social insurance lies at the heart of German social welfare. The disabled are also served by a broad range of medical and vocational programs designed to provide them with humane living conditions. Statutory social insurance programs are responsible for meeting the various needs of their members who become disabled.In addition, government agencies at the federal, Land, and local levels seek to provide employment and help with special housing and transportation provisions. Employment of the disabled is furthered by federal legislation that requires firms employing more than fifteen persons to reserve 6 percent of positions for the disabled or to make annual compensatory payments My hypothesis is, Germany and Sw eden disability programmes have a strong history with non-profit organisations that help support provisions for the disabled stronger than Britain’s profit based organizations.But on the other hand a result of social policies that are too strongly oriented towards the past on the one hand and sustainable conservative family patterns on the other, very little importance is attached to disability social policy contexts. CONCLUSION There is no longer a distinction between Germany’s contribution-based and Britain’s tax-based funding of welfare state programs, but in practice these two models have come together, as most social-insurance schemes are funded by a mixture of employer/employee contributions and grants from general state incomes.Contribution-based schemes, which are funded and administered independent of the government budget and in which members have vested benefits, have in history tended to be more generous and less prone to cutbacks than tax-funded sch emes, which the state can cut back when tax revenues are limited or an anti welfare state political party comes to power. It is, however, important to stress that there are considerable differences between the lives of disabled people and the type of welfare benefits across the European welfare system.The two decisive but interconnected differences consist of the amount to which the public sector takes the individual or the family as its point of departure and the degree to which disabilities is seen as a stage of life in its own right or how each individual is assessed. Welfare pluralism suggests that all welfare provisions will be provided by all the five providers in all countries in the future and less state/public responsibility. ?REFERENCES Bahle, T. (2003) ‘The changing institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany: is the welfare state on the retreat? , Journal of European Social Policy, 13(5), pp. 5-20 Bergmark, A. and Minas, R. â₠¬ËœRescaling Social Welfare Policies in Sweden’ Institute for Future Studies [Online]. Available at: http://www. euro. centre. org/rescalingDocuments/files/Sweden. pdf (Accessed: 15 March 2012) Bode, I. 2006) ‘Disorganised welfare mixes: voluntary agencies and new governance regimes in Western Europe’, Journal of European Social Policy, 16(4), pp. 346-359 Clarke, J. , & Cochrane, A. (1993) Comparing Welfare States: Britain in International Context, London, Sage Etherington, D. & Ingold, J. (2012) ‘Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market: a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-tern sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark’, Journal of European Social Policy, 22(1) pp. 0-44 Haralambos & Holborn (2009) (7th edn) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, London, HarperCollinsPublishers Limited Huang, J. , Guo, B. , & Bricout, J. (2009) ‘From Concentration to Dispersion: The Shift in Policy Approach to Disability Employment’, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20(1) pp. 46-54 Landman, T. (2004) Isssues and Methods in Comparative Politics: an introduction. 3rd edn. Dawsonera [Online] Available at: http://www. dawsonera. com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203929780/S0. 78/0Lilja, M, Mansson, I, Jahlenius, L. , & Sacco-Peterson, M. (2003) ‘Disability Policy in Sweden: Policies Concerning Assistive Technology and Home Modification Services’, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 14(3)pp. 130-135 Mitra, S. (2009) ‘Temporary and Partial Disability Programs in Nine Countries’, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20 (1) pp. 14-27 Olney, M. F. & Lyle, C. (2011) ‘The Benefits Trap: Barriers to Employment Experienced by SSA Beneficiaries’, Rehabilitation Counceling Bulletin, 54(4), pp. 197-209

Essay about Starbucks Delivering Customer Service †Case...

Preliminary Starbucks – one of the fastest growing companies in the US and in the world - had built its position on the market by connect with its customers, and create â€Å"third place† beside home and work, where people could relax and enjoy others or themselves. It was the motto of Starbucks’ owner Howard Schultz and mostly thanks to his philosophy; company has became the biggest coffee drink retailer in the world. However, within the new customer satisfaction report, there is shown some concerns, that company has lost the connection with customers and it must been taken some steps to help Starbucks to go back on the right path regarding customer satisfaction. I will briefly summarize and examine issues facing Starbucks. Starting from†¦show more content†¦The next exhibits show payroll structure and income volume per location in 2002 and product mix for North American company-operated stores. Exhibit 6 shows US retail coffee market predictions till 2005 years. It clearly shows changing in Americans’ coffee drinking style into specialty coffee. It is very important for Starbucks because company’s main market is specialty coffee. Next of the exhibits, shows positive customer snapshot scores for North America stores. Those snapshots suggest further company’s success. The only issue we can find is the product quality. According to the exhibit product quality went down during 3rd quarter of 2002. Exhibit 8 shows customer retention information. We can find from this data, that established customers and new customers are quite different in respect of education, income and attitudes toward Starbucks. According to the exhibit, customers who first visited Starbucks five years ago have higher degree of education and higher income level. Beside that, new Starbucks customers do not see it as a brand of high value, while established customers believe Starbucks to be brand they trust (50%), offering high quality product (51%). 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The Human Trafficking Aspect Of The Military Industrial...

Furthermore, a report by Reuters in 2013 found that nothing has changed as staffers are routinely pressured to falsify figures to cover for any missing funds. Meanwhile, the Pentagon has received $8.5 trillion since 1996, the first year in which all government agencies were required to submit to audits. Yet, none of that money has been audited by an independent party, thereby making the Pentagon the only federal government agency that has refused to allow outside audits! To sum up, it’s difficult to find more incontrovertible evidence to show the galling lack of accountability for the military industrial complex, but the human trafficking aspect may just do so. During that same House Committee hearing, Rep. McKinney also confronted Rumsfeld questioning why Dyncorp has continued to receive contracts even though the company had been involved with human trafficking. 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Marketing Analysis The Marketing Field Essay - 760 Words

Advertising Analytics 2.0 Summary In this article, Wes Nichols notes that as the marketing field becomes more complex, companies need to adopt advertising analytics 2.0 in order to gain a full understanding of marketing strategies the company should implement. He starts his article by indicating that old methods of analysis, such as measuring how TV, print, radio, and online ads function independently to drive sales is a thing of the past, and how companies can benefit from the advent of technology to run analytics 2.0 to gain real-time data on how the marketing strategies are affecting the sales of a given product. Next, he identifies three activities that companies need to take in order to integrate analytics 2.0 in their marketing strategies. First, companies need to quantify the attribution of each element of advertising. Second, these companies need to use the predictive analytics tools to run multiple scenarios in order to optimize the outcome. 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Deception Point Page 45 Free Essays

Sexton would lie. Was this truly her first instinct regarding her candidate? Yes. He would lie†¦ brilliantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 45 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If these photos hit the media without Gabrielle’s having admitted the affair, the senator would simply claim the photos were a cruel forgery. This was the age of digital photo editing; anyone who had ever been on-line had seen the flawlessly retouched spoof photographs of celebrities’ heads digitally melded onto other people’s bodies, often those of porn stars engaged in lewd acts. Gabrielle had already witnessed the senator’s ability to look into a television camera and lie convincingly about their affair; she had no doubt he could persuade the world these photos were a lame attempt to derail his career. Sexton would lash out with indignant outrage, perhaps even insinuate that the President himself had ordered the forgery. No wonder the White House hasn’t gone public. The photos, Gabrielle realized, could backfire just like the initial drudge. As vivid as the pictures seemed, they were totally inconclusive. Gabrielle felt a sudden surge of hope. The White House can’t prove any of this is real! Tench’s powerplay on Gabrielle had been ruthless in its simplicity: Admit your affair or watch Sexton go to jail. Suddenly it made perfect sense. The White House needed Gabrielle to admit the affair, or the photos were worthless. A sudden glimmer of confidence brightened her mood. As the train sat idling and the doors slid open, another distant door seemed to open in Gabrielle’s mind, revealing an abrupt and heartening possibility. Maybe everything Tench told me about the bribery was a lie. After all, what had Gabrielle really seen? Yet again, nothing conclusive-some Xeroxed bank documents, a grainy photo of Sexton in a garage. All of it potentially counterfeit. Tench cunningly could have showed Gabrielle bogus financial records in the same sitting as the genuine sex photos, hoping Gabrielle would accept the entire package as true. It was called â€Å"authentication by association,† and politicians used it all the time to sell dubious concepts. Sexton is innocent, Gabrielle told herself. The White House was desperate, and they had decided to take a wild gamble on scaring Gabrielle into going public about the affair. They needed Gabrielle to desert Sexton publicly-scandalously. Get out while you can, Tench had told her. You have until eight o’clock tonight. The ultimate pressure sales job. All of it fits, she thought. Except one thing†¦ The only confusing piece of the puzzle was that Tench had been sending Gabrielle anti-NASA e-mails. This certainly suggested NASA really did want Sexton to solidify his anti-NASA stance so they could use it against him. Or did it? Gabrielle realized that even the e-mails had a perfectly logical explanation. What if the e-mails were not really from Tench? It was possible Tench caught a traitor on staff sending Gabrielle data, fired that person, and then stepped in and e-mailed the final message herself, calling Gabrielle in for a meeting. Tench could have pretended she leaked all the NASA data on purpose-to set Gabrielle up. The subway hydraulics hissed now in L’Enfant Plaza, the doors preparing to close. Gabrielle stared out at the platform, her mind racing. She had no idea if her suspicions were making any sense or if they were just wishful thinking, but whatever the hell was going on, she knew she had to talk to the senator right away-P.E. night or not. Clutching the envelope of photographs, Gabrielle hurried off the train just as the doors hissed shut. She had a new destination. Westbrooke Place Apartments. 51 Fight or flight. As a biologist, Tolland knew that vast physiological changes occurred when an organism sensed danger. Adrenaline flooded the cerebral cortex, jolting the heart rate and commanding the brain to make the oldest and most intuitive of all biological decisions-whether to do battle or flee. Tolland’s instinct told him to flee, and yet reason reminded him he was still tethered to Norah Mangor. There was nowhere to flee anyway. The only cover for miles was the habisphere, and the attackers, whoever the hell they were, had positioned themselves high on the glacier and cut off that option. Behind him, the wide open sheet of ice fanned out into a two-mile-long plain that terminated in a sheer drop to a frigid sea. Flight in that direction meant death by exposure. The practical barriers to fleeing notwithstanding, Tolland knew he could not possibly leave the others. Norah and Corky were still out in the open, tethered to Rachel and Tolland. Tolland stayed down near Rachel as the ice pellets continued to slam into the side of the toppled equipment sled. He pillaged the strewn contents, searching for a weapon, a flare gun, a radio†¦ anything. â€Å"Run!† Rachel yelled, her breathing still strained. Then, oddly, the hailstorm of ice bullets abruptly stopped. Even in the pounding wind, the night felt suddenly calm†¦ as if a storm had let up unexpectedly. It was then, peering cautiously around the sled, that Tolland witnessed one of the most chilling sights he had ever seen. Gliding effortlessly out of the darkened perimeter into the light, three ghostly figures emerged, coasting silently in on skis. The figures wore full white weather suits. They carried no ski poles but rather large rifles that looked like no guns Tolland had ever seen. Their skis were bizarre as well, futuristic and short, more like elongated Rollerblades than skis. Calmly, as if knowing they had already won this battle, the figures coasted to a stop beside their closest victim-the unconscious Norah Mangor. Tolland rose shakily to his knees and peered over the sled at the attackers. The visitors stared back at him through eerie electronic goggles. They were apparently uninterested. At least for the moment. Delta-One felt no remorse as he stared down at the woman lying unconscious on the ice before him. He had been trained to carry out orders, not to question motives. The woman was wearing a thick, black, thermal suit and had a welt on the side of her face. Her breathing was short and labored. One of the IM ice rifles had found its mark and knocked her unconscious. Now it was time to finish the job. As Delta-One knelt down beside the oblivious woman, his teammates trained their rifles on the other targets-one on the small, unconscious man lying on the ice nearby, and one on the overturned sled where the two other victims were hiding. Although his men easily could have moved in to finish the job, the remaining three victims were unarmed and had nowhere to run. Rushing to finish them all off at once was careless. Never disperse your focus unless absolutely necessary. Face one adversary at a time. Exactly as they had been trained, the Delta Force would kill these people one at a time. The magic, however, was that they would leave no trace to suggest how they had died. Crouched beside the unconscious woman, Delta-One removed his thermal gloves and scooped up a handful of snow. Packing the snow, he opened the woman’s mouth and began stuffing it down her throat. He filled her entire mouth, ramming the snow as deep as he could down her windpipe. She would be dead within three minutes. This technique, invented by the Russian mafia, was called the byelaya smert-white death. This victim would suffocate long before the snow in her throat melted. Once dead, however, her body would stay warm long enough to dissolve the blockage. Even if foul play were suspected, no murder weapon or evidence of violence would be apparent immediately. Eventually someone might figure it out, but it would buy them time. The ice bullets would fade into the environment, buried in the snow, and the welt on this woman’s head would look like she’d taken a nasty spill on the ice-not surprising in these gale force winds. The other three people would be incapacitated and killed in much the same way. Then Delta-One would load all of them on the sled, drag them several hundred yards off course, reattached their belay lines and arrange the bodies. Hours from now, the four of them would be found frozen in the snow, apparent victims of overexposure and hypothermia. Those who discovered them would be puzzled what they were doing off course, but nobody would be surprised that they were dead. After all, their flares had burned out, the weather was perilous, and getting lost on the Milne Ice Shelf could bring death in a hurry. How to cite Deception Point Page 45, Essay examples

Counseling The Therapeutic Efficacy of Domestic

Question: Discuss about the Counseling for the therapeutic efficacy of Domestic. Answer: For several decades, domestic violence has been a public issue by being widespread in many countries. It has become the important cause of injury to the female between the age of 12 and 50. One out of every three women has been the victim of physical violence, and one out of five women has been the victim of sexual violence. Both type of violence on women is mostly inflicted by their male partner in the form of rape, injury, and even killing. Even the married women with children are also the assaulted victims (Frayer Martin, 2014). Domestic violence is common in social, ethnic and economic backgrounds. It also refers to the type of abuse which prevails within the home, between couples or between the family members. Violence and trauma are inter-related with each other. Trauma preceeds violence because trauma is an emotional response to the disastrous incident like rape, accident or also the natural incident. It s a very unpredictable event. Trauma may be short term or long term. The long term effects include flashbacks of the past incidents, fluctuations in the emotions and relationships. Although this domestic violence has been the issue for ages, no proper measures have been taken to eliminate this, but several theories have been postulated to curb this issue by many authors (Howard et al., 2013). As described by the feminist rationale, it is defined as the physically and mentally assault of the female partner by their male partner. This violence has broadly become the patriarchal control in the family and also in the society. There are many components of violence physical, sexual and intimidation, threats, isolation, stalking and spiritual, financial and emotional abuse. Physical violence includes pushing, hitting, beating and choking. Sexual violence includes unwanted sexual practices, rape. Weapons were displaying, looks, gestures are a part of intimidation. Isolation means not allowing the victim to meet the family or friends. Financial abuse means control of money to the victim for the personal needs. The domestic violence followed four phases in the violence cycle-abuse occurs, reconciliation, calm and built up tension (Trevillion et al., 2012). As cited by author Many intervention programs by the Society welfare development have been started to aid the battered and helpless women by providing them shelter to live their life and also providing them the important necessities to further reconstruct their lives. Many sexual assault centers and domestic violence centers were being opened up; legal services were adopted for such women and counseling services were given to the women (Hackett et al., 2015). Many theories regarding the domestic violence trauma have emerged in sometime because the researchers feel that these theories are necessary to have a common and better understanding of the domestic violence. These theories could help the communities to have better and more effective response towards violence, and this also provides protection to the victims by avoiding conflictions (Potter, et al., 2015). According to a theory of battering, which was introduced in the 1970s reveals that such men mentality were based on psychopathology. It showed that the men who used to abuse their wives and beat them were ill at a mental level, and specific medication could cure them. Psychologists also found that such peoples behavior does not match to their desire profiles who commit such violence. Batterers keep this violence limited to their intimate partners only but in the case of people suffering from schizophrenia, does not limit their violence to their partners but it spreads to the other members of the family (Perez et al., 2012). The theory of Stockholm syndrome, reveals the attachment between the victim and the captor. This issue revolves around the point that despite being battered the battered women protect and love their abusers. This happens because the person threatens by the captor starts developing some fondness for the captor even if he shows some sort of kindness to the victim. The victim in this theory feels that if she loves her abuser irrationally and unconditionally then the abuser would eventually love her. But in turn, the abuser gives her false hopes and encouragement as long as he wants to. This is the victim develops an unhealthy attachment in a positive way to their abusers with a hope that one day they might leave their abusive nature and love them . for ex, this theory was named after an incident which happened in Stockholm in Sweden where the bank robbery took place, and the robbers took three women and one man in captivity. When the ordeal was about to end then, it was found that the v ictims themselves took the side of the captors, and they went out of their way to help the captors to escape from the punishment. Such psychological conditions make it impossible for the victims to get detached from the abuser in the hope that they might change (Smith, 2014). Lenore Walker gave the theory of learned helplessness, where he showed that the inclination of the battered women to stay with their abusers. He explained the reasons that this decision taken by the women was not based on any cultural, social or economic factors but the will of the women themselves. He said that the consistency of the abuse tolerated by them strips of the feeling to get rid of it. Some of the reasons given by the women for staying are their children to whom they might not finance properly or the critisisation which they would get to hear from the community in which they are living. Then this theory is also based on the periodical changes in the women life. Initially, the women leave their batterers for a short period of time to run off the violence and also in the hope that they might change, but eventually, they realize that man's violence could not be changed, and it is an integrated part of his behavior (Ali Naylor, 2013). The learned theory of behavior was based on the violence which the men have learned during childhood in their families. For example, this theory suggests that a boy who have seen abuses on their mother and think that they are sought to be then they are seven times more batterer in nature whereas men who have seen violence since childhood they are not batterers and vow not to be so (Corvo, 2014). The loss of control theory is very much related to the learned behavioral theory. Many believe that use of alcohols is one of the main reason for the mens violence because after being drunk, loses control over their body and also on their brain which ultimately turn into violence. But others think the mens violence is due to unexpressed anger and frustration which they have curbed inside due to the gendered societal expectations. There is also a contradiction in this that such battered men do not show their frustration or anger in their profession, but the outcome is always on the spouse (Anderberg et al., 2015). Power and control theory is the theory explaining the different methods adopted by an abuser to maintain his control and power over his spouse. They adopt such tactics to show that they are superior and make their spouse submissive to them. This concept of power in the batterer comes by seeing the violence during their childhood. The dominant feeling and inequality come along with the power theory. This superiority brings a socio-cultural differences between the spouses (Bellack et al., 2013). The cycle of violence, another popular theory has become popular in the field of domestic violence. This theory states the fact that, since childhood, males were taught not to show their anger and frustration to anyone, so they were unable to express and as a result, these tensions used to get build up with them until he became violent and got exploded. But this tension was released when the man enjoys the courtship period of their honey moon, but when the experiences of women were taken into account, then it was revealed that such men were very unpredictable, almost random with their battering episodes. The researchers failed to explain this fact that why this rage was exploded against their intimate partners and not against anyone else (Anderberg et al., 2015). The theory of Feminist says that there are primarily four reasons for the domestic violence done by the men toward their spouse. They are mainly the dominance power because the men have different perceptions towards resources of material and symbolic issues. Next is that in a family, abusing of the intimate partner is very much normal for the man. Thirdly, experiences and feelings of women are always denied by considering them inferior and in cultural. Lastly, the feminist supports the womens advocacy (Dixon, 2014). Evolutionary theory posits that todays society has evolved from a simpler one to the more complex one. The families have also become smaller and nuclear than the larger ones and there by more ambiguous. This has resulted in the different parenting styles where the children are given less independence and more punishment (Daly Wilson, 2013). This is a case study, taken by (DVRCV), about Katherine, a resident of Australia, who has been the victim of domestic violence for years. She had bear all the signs of violence but could not understand the mentality of his husband who possessed dual face nature. on one side he used to beat her and on one side he used to present himself in front of the others as he cannot withstand the wife-bashers. Katherine suffered all the isolation and beatings her husband used to do on her for a couple of years. Her life was in a terrible mess and fully horrendous and always she or her children were used to be blame by the husband for all the violence. At last, Katherine decided to put an end to it by coping up with the situations rather than tolerating it. At first, she adopted the strategy of copying where she did all possible means to keep her husband happy so that her husband does not get any chance to create any violence but when this strategy dint worked out, then she moved to the counselin g strategy where she seek help from the center of domestic violence. She got immense help and support from that center. The women of the center at first gave her medical assistance to her bruising body as well as her mind. Then they shared her experiences of violence and understand her. Finally, when Katherine was fully recovered from the counseling strategy, the women went to the Family Court, to get her and children rid of her husband. When the court heard the story of Katherine, he ordered the husband as to make no contact with them. This decision was a major turning point in her life. Thus the strategy of copying and counseling helped Katherine to move out of her traumatic life and lead a healthy life free of domestic violence. Post this comes the domestic violence trauma which is faced by every victim of the violence. The range of trauma could be mild to severe depending upon the victim's reactions. These reactions could be cognitive, physical, relational, psychological, spiritual. According to the stated reactions, the victim reacts as per their ease. Different people have different strategies to recover from the trauma. To overcome this, people brings changes in their daily routine to achieve this. The diet strategy should be one of the most important ones in victims life because it is essential for them as what they put in their body at this point in time. Many victims tend to use alcohols and drugs as they can suppress the trauma feeling for sometime but its not helpful in the long run. So, if the victim eats well then his body and mind would be healthy. Relaxation and rest strategy is also one of the most suited factors for the traumatic patient as it can help them to achieve mental peace. Several people have the different methodology to have rest. Some go for meditation or deep breathing exercises, or some listen to music or turn to religious phase. The strategy of social contacts includes the victim's family members, friends, and colleagues who play a pivotal role in victims life. They could be a beneficial strategy in reducing the stress of the victim .these people always look forward to the victims care and lessen the burden on the victim's shoulder. They don't let the victim get isolated from the social company as it would lead the victim more towards the memories of violence. The strategy of copying is the one which helps to deal with the traumatic effects where the survivor starts copying or mimic certain things to minimize the impact of violence related experiences. The victim starts adopting many techniques like self medicate, switching on to crisis mode and ignoring any incidents related with the past (Iverson et al., 2013). The most beneficial strategy to overcome the trauma is the counseling strategy. It has three phases to counsel the victim. In the first phase, the counselor tries to build a safety goal between him and the victim so that more attention is given to the basic health needs and avoidance of self- destructive activities. In the second phase, the counselor tries to explore the experience of the trauma at the root level with the patient. In the third phase, the counselor tries to reconnect the victim with the world socially (France et al., 2012). One of the most horrendous abuse is the domestic violence which mostly affects the women in the society. According to the statistic report, 85% sufferers are the women, and 15% are men. This type of violence can occur to anyone irrespective of caste, religion, creed. The government should take action in three different areas to reduce the violence level against women.. Firstly, to expand knowledge about the violence, programs should be made to ensure that the problem of violence should be genuinely solved. Secondly, there should be the awareness in the public regarding the extent of the violence (Kundu et al., 2014). The people should be taught about the impact of the violence and the urgent need to eradicate it from the society. Thirdly, the system of support, one of the most strongest pillar of the victim who has experienced violence. This support system helps the victim to heal faster both mentally and physically. Thus, these measures should be an important part of any project to reduce the violence factors prevailing in the society which could cause serious hazards to the victim's health, well- being and opportunities. Thus, the Commonwealth government has issued a plan which is a comprehensive one. This plan has provided immense opportunities to the victims to recover and lead a healthy and peaceful life whereas it provides severe punishments to the batterers. There are millions of people who are living in a relationship with an abusive atmosphere. Even if the victim's physical wound gets heal with time but the psychological wounds remains for lifelong, Thus, recovery from the abusive violent is a gradual step by step process and this journey takes a longer time if the victim is alone (Stets, 2012). References: Ali, P. A., Naylor, P. B. (2013). Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist social and ecological explanations for its causation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 611-619. Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., Wilson, T. (2015). Unemployment and domestic violence: theory and evidence. The Economic Journal. Bellack, A. S., Hersen, M., Morrison, R. L., Van Hasselt, V. B. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of family violence. Springer Science Business Media. Corvo, K. (2014). The role of executive function deficits in domestic violence perpetration. Partner Abuse, 5(3), 342-355. Daly, M., Wilson, M. (2013). Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. The maladapted mind: Classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology, 115. Dixon, J. (2014). Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 1612-1617). Springer New York. A case study : sourced from Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria (DVRCV) France, M. H., del Carmen Rodrguez, M., McCormick, R. (2012). Counselling in the Indigenous Community. Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective, 2e, 65. Frayer, D. W., Martin, D. L. (2014). Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past (Vol. 3). Routledge. Hackett, S., McWhirter, P. T., Lesher, S. (2015). The therapeutic efficacy of domestic violence victim interventions. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 1524838014566720. Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 10(5), e1001452. Iverson, K. M., Litwack, S. D., Pineles, S. L., Suvak, M. K., Vaughn, R. A., Resick, P. A. (2013). Predictors of intimate partner violence revictimization: The relative impact of distinct PTSD symptoms, dissociation, and coping strategies. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(1), 102-110. Kundu, H., Basavaraj, P., Singla, A., Kote, S., Singh, S., Jain, S., ... Vashishtha, V. (2014). Domestic Violence and its Effect on Oral Health Behaviour and Oral Health Status. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(11), ZC09. Perez, S., Johnson, D. M., Wright, C. V. (2012). The attenuating effect of empowerment on IPV-related PTSD symptoms in battered women living in domestic violence shelters. Violence Against Women, 18(1), 102-117. Potter, A. E., Davidson, M. M., Wesselmann, D. (2015). Utilizing dialectical behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as phase-based trauma treatment: A case study series. International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, 21(2), 189. Smith, D. M. (2014). Stockholm Syndrome. Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Stets, J. E. (2012). Domestic violence and control. Springer Science Business Media. Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., Howard, L. M. (2012). Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 7(12), e51740.