Marketing Analysis The Marketing Field Essay - 760 Words

Advertising Analytics 2.0 Summary In this article, Wes Nichols notes that as the marketing field becomes more complex, companies need to adopt advertising analytics 2.0 in order to gain a full understanding of marketing strategies the company should implement. He starts his article by indicating that old methods of analysis, such as measuring how TV, print, radio, and online ads function independently to drive sales is a thing of the past, and how companies can benefit from the advent of technology to run analytics 2.0 to gain real-time data on how the marketing strategies are affecting the sales of a given product. Next, he identifies three activities that companies need to take in order to integrate analytics 2.0 in their marketing strategies. First, companies need to quantify the attribution of each element of advertising. Second, these companies need to use the predictive analytics tools to run multiple scenarios in order to optimize the outcome. And lastly, companies need to redistribute budgets and resources in a real-time fashion based on the optimization scenarios. At the conclusion, Nichols suggests a five-step process that marketing executives should take to implement analytics 2.0. Those steps are: 1. Embrace analytics 2.0: Nichols indicates that senior-level buy-in is essential for the adoption of analytics 2.0. 2. Assign an analytics-minded director: A person with an analytics background should be selected managing this task. 3. Conduct an inventory ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : The Field Of Marketing2269 Words   |  10 PagesIn the field of marketing, there are two major objectives. To first figure out what a customer might be in need of. Once that is established, the second main goal is to come up with creative ways to sell customers products. Marketing is all about searching for a purpose of a product and figuring out how to best brand a product for maximum profits. This can be done in many forms. 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Deception Point Page 45 Free Essays

Sexton would lie. Was this truly her first instinct regarding her candidate? Yes. He would lie†¦ brilliantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 45 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If these photos hit the media without Gabrielle’s having admitted the affair, the senator would simply claim the photos were a cruel forgery. This was the age of digital photo editing; anyone who had ever been on-line had seen the flawlessly retouched spoof photographs of celebrities’ heads digitally melded onto other people’s bodies, often those of porn stars engaged in lewd acts. Gabrielle had already witnessed the senator’s ability to look into a television camera and lie convincingly about their affair; she had no doubt he could persuade the world these photos were a lame attempt to derail his career. Sexton would lash out with indignant outrage, perhaps even insinuate that the President himself had ordered the forgery. No wonder the White House hasn’t gone public. The photos, Gabrielle realized, could backfire just like the initial drudge. As vivid as the pictures seemed, they were totally inconclusive. Gabrielle felt a sudden surge of hope. The White House can’t prove any of this is real! Tench’s powerplay on Gabrielle had been ruthless in its simplicity: Admit your affair or watch Sexton go to jail. Suddenly it made perfect sense. The White House needed Gabrielle to admit the affair, or the photos were worthless. A sudden glimmer of confidence brightened her mood. As the train sat idling and the doors slid open, another distant door seemed to open in Gabrielle’s mind, revealing an abrupt and heartening possibility. Maybe everything Tench told me about the bribery was a lie. After all, what had Gabrielle really seen? Yet again, nothing conclusive-some Xeroxed bank documents, a grainy photo of Sexton in a garage. All of it potentially counterfeit. Tench cunningly could have showed Gabrielle bogus financial records in the same sitting as the genuine sex photos, hoping Gabrielle would accept the entire package as true. It was called â€Å"authentication by association,† and politicians used it all the time to sell dubious concepts. Sexton is innocent, Gabrielle told herself. The White House was desperate, and they had decided to take a wild gamble on scaring Gabrielle into going public about the affair. They needed Gabrielle to desert Sexton publicly-scandalously. Get out while you can, Tench had told her. You have until eight o’clock tonight. The ultimate pressure sales job. All of it fits, she thought. Except one thing†¦ The only confusing piece of the puzzle was that Tench had been sending Gabrielle anti-NASA e-mails. This certainly suggested NASA really did want Sexton to solidify his anti-NASA stance so they could use it against him. Or did it? Gabrielle realized that even the e-mails had a perfectly logical explanation. What if the e-mails were not really from Tench? It was possible Tench caught a traitor on staff sending Gabrielle data, fired that person, and then stepped in and e-mailed the final message herself, calling Gabrielle in for a meeting. Tench could have pretended she leaked all the NASA data on purpose-to set Gabrielle up. The subway hydraulics hissed now in L’Enfant Plaza, the doors preparing to close. Gabrielle stared out at the platform, her mind racing. She had no idea if her suspicions were making any sense or if they were just wishful thinking, but whatever the hell was going on, she knew she had to talk to the senator right away-P.E. night or not. Clutching the envelope of photographs, Gabrielle hurried off the train just as the doors hissed shut. She had a new destination. Westbrooke Place Apartments. 51 Fight or flight. As a biologist, Tolland knew that vast physiological changes occurred when an organism sensed danger. Adrenaline flooded the cerebral cortex, jolting the heart rate and commanding the brain to make the oldest and most intuitive of all biological decisions-whether to do battle or flee. Tolland’s instinct told him to flee, and yet reason reminded him he was still tethered to Norah Mangor. There was nowhere to flee anyway. The only cover for miles was the habisphere, and the attackers, whoever the hell they were, had positioned themselves high on the glacier and cut off that option. Behind him, the wide open sheet of ice fanned out into a two-mile-long plain that terminated in a sheer drop to a frigid sea. Flight in that direction meant death by exposure. The practical barriers to fleeing notwithstanding, Tolland knew he could not possibly leave the others. Norah and Corky were still out in the open, tethered to Rachel and Tolland. Tolland stayed down near Rachel as the ice pellets continued to slam into the side of the toppled equipment sled. He pillaged the strewn contents, searching for a weapon, a flare gun, a radio†¦ anything. â€Å"Run!† Rachel yelled, her breathing still strained. Then, oddly, the hailstorm of ice bullets abruptly stopped. Even in the pounding wind, the night felt suddenly calm†¦ as if a storm had let up unexpectedly. It was then, peering cautiously around the sled, that Tolland witnessed one of the most chilling sights he had ever seen. Gliding effortlessly out of the darkened perimeter into the light, three ghostly figures emerged, coasting silently in on skis. The figures wore full white weather suits. They carried no ski poles but rather large rifles that looked like no guns Tolland had ever seen. Their skis were bizarre as well, futuristic and short, more like elongated Rollerblades than skis. Calmly, as if knowing they had already won this battle, the figures coasted to a stop beside their closest victim-the unconscious Norah Mangor. Tolland rose shakily to his knees and peered over the sled at the attackers. The visitors stared back at him through eerie electronic goggles. They were apparently uninterested. At least for the moment. Delta-One felt no remorse as he stared down at the woman lying unconscious on the ice before him. He had been trained to carry out orders, not to question motives. The woman was wearing a thick, black, thermal suit and had a welt on the side of her face. Her breathing was short and labored. One of the IM ice rifles had found its mark and knocked her unconscious. Now it was time to finish the job. As Delta-One knelt down beside the oblivious woman, his teammates trained their rifles on the other targets-one on the small, unconscious man lying on the ice nearby, and one on the overturned sled where the two other victims were hiding. Although his men easily could have moved in to finish the job, the remaining three victims were unarmed and had nowhere to run. Rushing to finish them all off at once was careless. Never disperse your focus unless absolutely necessary. Face one adversary at a time. Exactly as they had been trained, the Delta Force would kill these people one at a time. The magic, however, was that they would leave no trace to suggest how they had died. Crouched beside the unconscious woman, Delta-One removed his thermal gloves and scooped up a handful of snow. Packing the snow, he opened the woman’s mouth and began stuffing it down her throat. He filled her entire mouth, ramming the snow as deep as he could down her windpipe. She would be dead within three minutes. This technique, invented by the Russian mafia, was called the byelaya smert-white death. This victim would suffocate long before the snow in her throat melted. Once dead, however, her body would stay warm long enough to dissolve the blockage. Even if foul play were suspected, no murder weapon or evidence of violence would be apparent immediately. Eventually someone might figure it out, but it would buy them time. The ice bullets would fade into the environment, buried in the snow, and the welt on this woman’s head would look like she’d taken a nasty spill on the ice-not surprising in these gale force winds. The other three people would be incapacitated and killed in much the same way. Then Delta-One would load all of them on the sled, drag them several hundred yards off course, reattached their belay lines and arrange the bodies. Hours from now, the four of them would be found frozen in the snow, apparent victims of overexposure and hypothermia. Those who discovered them would be puzzled what they were doing off course, but nobody would be surprised that they were dead. After all, their flares had burned out, the weather was perilous, and getting lost on the Milne Ice Shelf could bring death in a hurry. How to cite Deception Point Page 45, Essay examples

Counseling The Therapeutic Efficacy of Domestic

Question: Discuss about the Counseling for the therapeutic efficacy of Domestic. Answer: For several decades, domestic violence has been a public issue by being widespread in many countries. It has become the important cause of injury to the female between the age of 12 and 50. One out of every three women has been the victim of physical violence, and one out of five women has been the victim of sexual violence. Both type of violence on women is mostly inflicted by their male partner in the form of rape, injury, and even killing. Even the married women with children are also the assaulted victims (Frayer Martin, 2014). Domestic violence is common in social, ethnic and economic backgrounds. It also refers to the type of abuse which prevails within the home, between couples or between the family members. Violence and trauma are inter-related with each other. Trauma preceeds violence because trauma is an emotional response to the disastrous incident like rape, accident or also the natural incident. It s a very unpredictable event. Trauma may be short term or long term. The long term effects include flashbacks of the past incidents, fluctuations in the emotions and relationships. Although this domestic violence has been the issue for ages, no proper measures have been taken to eliminate this, but several theories have been postulated to curb this issue by many authors (Howard et al., 2013). As described by the feminist rationale, it is defined as the physically and mentally assault of the female partner by their male partner. This violence has broadly become the patriarchal control in the family and also in the society. There are many components of violence physical, sexual and intimidation, threats, isolation, stalking and spiritual, financial and emotional abuse. Physical violence includes pushing, hitting, beating and choking. Sexual violence includes unwanted sexual practices, rape. Weapons were displaying, looks, gestures are a part of intimidation. Isolation means not allowing the victim to meet the family or friends. Financial abuse means control of money to the victim for the personal needs. The domestic violence followed four phases in the violence cycle-abuse occurs, reconciliation, calm and built up tension (Trevillion et al., 2012). As cited by author Many intervention programs by the Society welfare development have been started to aid the battered and helpless women by providing them shelter to live their life and also providing them the important necessities to further reconstruct their lives. Many sexual assault centers and domestic violence centers were being opened up; legal services were adopted for such women and counseling services were given to the women (Hackett et al., 2015). Many theories regarding the domestic violence trauma have emerged in sometime because the researchers feel that these theories are necessary to have a common and better understanding of the domestic violence. These theories could help the communities to have better and more effective response towards violence, and this also provides protection to the victims by avoiding conflictions (Potter, et al., 2015). According to a theory of battering, which was introduced in the 1970s reveals that such men mentality were based on psychopathology. It showed that the men who used to abuse their wives and beat them were ill at a mental level, and specific medication could cure them. Psychologists also found that such peoples behavior does not match to their desire profiles who commit such violence. Batterers keep this violence limited to their intimate partners only but in the case of people suffering from schizophrenia, does not limit their violence to their partners but it spreads to the other members of the family (Perez et al., 2012). The theory of Stockholm syndrome, reveals the attachment between the victim and the captor. This issue revolves around the point that despite being battered the battered women protect and love their abusers. This happens because the person threatens by the captor starts developing some fondness for the captor even if he shows some sort of kindness to the victim. The victim in this theory feels that if she loves her abuser irrationally and unconditionally then the abuser would eventually love her. But in turn, the abuser gives her false hopes and encouragement as long as he wants to. This is the victim develops an unhealthy attachment in a positive way to their abusers with a hope that one day they might leave their abusive nature and love them . for ex, this theory was named after an incident which happened in Stockholm in Sweden where the bank robbery took place, and the robbers took three women and one man in captivity. When the ordeal was about to end then, it was found that the v ictims themselves took the side of the captors, and they went out of their way to help the captors to escape from the punishment. Such psychological conditions make it impossible for the victims to get detached from the abuser in the hope that they might change (Smith, 2014). Lenore Walker gave the theory of learned helplessness, where he showed that the inclination of the battered women to stay with their abusers. He explained the reasons that this decision taken by the women was not based on any cultural, social or economic factors but the will of the women themselves. He said that the consistency of the abuse tolerated by them strips of the feeling to get rid of it. Some of the reasons given by the women for staying are their children to whom they might not finance properly or the critisisation which they would get to hear from the community in which they are living. Then this theory is also based on the periodical changes in the women life. Initially, the women leave their batterers for a short period of time to run off the violence and also in the hope that they might change, but eventually, they realize that man's violence could not be changed, and it is an integrated part of his behavior (Ali Naylor, 2013). The learned theory of behavior was based on the violence which the men have learned during childhood in their families. For example, this theory suggests that a boy who have seen abuses on their mother and think that they are sought to be then they are seven times more batterer in nature whereas men who have seen violence since childhood they are not batterers and vow not to be so (Corvo, 2014). The loss of control theory is very much related to the learned behavioral theory. Many believe that use of alcohols is one of the main reason for the mens violence because after being drunk, loses control over their body and also on their brain which ultimately turn into violence. But others think the mens violence is due to unexpressed anger and frustration which they have curbed inside due to the gendered societal expectations. There is also a contradiction in this that such battered men do not show their frustration or anger in their profession, but the outcome is always on the spouse (Anderberg et al., 2015). Power and control theory is the theory explaining the different methods adopted by an abuser to maintain his control and power over his spouse. They adopt such tactics to show that they are superior and make their spouse submissive to them. This concept of power in the batterer comes by seeing the violence during their childhood. The dominant feeling and inequality come along with the power theory. This superiority brings a socio-cultural differences between the spouses (Bellack et al., 2013). The cycle of violence, another popular theory has become popular in the field of domestic violence. This theory states the fact that, since childhood, males were taught not to show their anger and frustration to anyone, so they were unable to express and as a result, these tensions used to get build up with them until he became violent and got exploded. But this tension was released when the man enjoys the courtship period of their honey moon, but when the experiences of women were taken into account, then it was revealed that such men were very unpredictable, almost random with their battering episodes. The researchers failed to explain this fact that why this rage was exploded against their intimate partners and not against anyone else (Anderberg et al., 2015). The theory of Feminist says that there are primarily four reasons for the domestic violence done by the men toward their spouse. They are mainly the dominance power because the men have different perceptions towards resources of material and symbolic issues. Next is that in a family, abusing of the intimate partner is very much normal for the man. Thirdly, experiences and feelings of women are always denied by considering them inferior and in cultural. Lastly, the feminist supports the womens advocacy (Dixon, 2014). Evolutionary theory posits that todays society has evolved from a simpler one to the more complex one. The families have also become smaller and nuclear than the larger ones and there by more ambiguous. This has resulted in the different parenting styles where the children are given less independence and more punishment (Daly Wilson, 2013). This is a case study, taken by (DVRCV), about Katherine, a resident of Australia, who has been the victim of domestic violence for years. She had bear all the signs of violence but could not understand the mentality of his husband who possessed dual face nature. on one side he used to beat her and on one side he used to present himself in front of the others as he cannot withstand the wife-bashers. Katherine suffered all the isolation and beatings her husband used to do on her for a couple of years. Her life was in a terrible mess and fully horrendous and always she or her children were used to be blame by the husband for all the violence. At last, Katherine decided to put an end to it by coping up with the situations rather than tolerating it. At first, she adopted the strategy of copying where she did all possible means to keep her husband happy so that her husband does not get any chance to create any violence but when this strategy dint worked out, then she moved to the counselin g strategy where she seek help from the center of domestic violence. She got immense help and support from that center. The women of the center at first gave her medical assistance to her bruising body as well as her mind. Then they shared her experiences of violence and understand her. Finally, when Katherine was fully recovered from the counseling strategy, the women went to the Family Court, to get her and children rid of her husband. When the court heard the story of Katherine, he ordered the husband as to make no contact with them. This decision was a major turning point in her life. Thus the strategy of copying and counseling helped Katherine to move out of her traumatic life and lead a healthy life free of domestic violence. Post this comes the domestic violence trauma which is faced by every victim of the violence. The range of trauma could be mild to severe depending upon the victim's reactions. These reactions could be cognitive, physical, relational, psychological, spiritual. According to the stated reactions, the victim reacts as per their ease. Different people have different strategies to recover from the trauma. To overcome this, people brings changes in their daily routine to achieve this. The diet strategy should be one of the most important ones in victims life because it is essential for them as what they put in their body at this point in time. Many victims tend to use alcohols and drugs as they can suppress the trauma feeling for sometime but its not helpful in the long run. So, if the victim eats well then his body and mind would be healthy. Relaxation and rest strategy is also one of the most suited factors for the traumatic patient as it can help them to achieve mental peace. Several people have the different methodology to have rest. Some go for meditation or deep breathing exercises, or some listen to music or turn to religious phase. The strategy of social contacts includes the victim's family members, friends, and colleagues who play a pivotal role in victims life. They could be a beneficial strategy in reducing the stress of the victim .these people always look forward to the victims care and lessen the burden on the victim's shoulder. They don't let the victim get isolated from the social company as it would lead the victim more towards the memories of violence. The strategy of copying is the one which helps to deal with the traumatic effects where the survivor starts copying or mimic certain things to minimize the impact of violence related experiences. The victim starts adopting many techniques like self medicate, switching on to crisis mode and ignoring any incidents related with the past (Iverson et al., 2013). The most beneficial strategy to overcome the trauma is the counseling strategy. It has three phases to counsel the victim. In the first phase, the counselor tries to build a safety goal between him and the victim so that more attention is given to the basic health needs and avoidance of self- destructive activities. In the second phase, the counselor tries to explore the experience of the trauma at the root level with the patient. In the third phase, the counselor tries to reconnect the victim with the world socially (France et al., 2012). One of the most horrendous abuse is the domestic violence which mostly affects the women in the society. According to the statistic report, 85% sufferers are the women, and 15% are men. This type of violence can occur to anyone irrespective of caste, religion, creed. The government should take action in three different areas to reduce the violence level against women.. Firstly, to expand knowledge about the violence, programs should be made to ensure that the problem of violence should be genuinely solved. Secondly, there should be the awareness in the public regarding the extent of the violence (Kundu et al., 2014). The people should be taught about the impact of the violence and the urgent need to eradicate it from the society. Thirdly, the system of support, one of the most strongest pillar of the victim who has experienced violence. This support system helps the victim to heal faster both mentally and physically. Thus, these measures should be an important part of any project to reduce the violence factors prevailing in the society which could cause serious hazards to the victim's health, well- being and opportunities. Thus, the Commonwealth government has issued a plan which is a comprehensive one. This plan has provided immense opportunities to the victims to recover and lead a healthy and peaceful life whereas it provides severe punishments to the batterers. There are millions of people who are living in a relationship with an abusive atmosphere. Even if the victim's physical wound gets heal with time but the psychological wounds remains for lifelong, Thus, recovery from the abusive violent is a gradual step by step process and this journey takes a longer time if the victim is alone (Stets, 2012). References: Ali, P. A., Naylor, P. B. (2013). Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist social and ecological explanations for its causation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 611-619. Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., Wilson, T. (2015). Unemployment and domestic violence: theory and evidence. The Economic Journal. Bellack, A. S., Hersen, M., Morrison, R. L., Van Hasselt, V. B. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of family violence. Springer Science Business Media. Corvo, K. (2014). The role of executive function deficits in domestic violence perpetration. Partner Abuse, 5(3), 342-355. Daly, M., Wilson, M. (2013). Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. The maladapted mind: Classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology, 115. Dixon, J. (2014). Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 1612-1617). Springer New York. A case study : sourced from Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria (DVRCV) France, M. H., del Carmen Rodrguez, M., McCormick, R. (2012). Counselling in the Indigenous Community. Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective, 2e, 65. Frayer, D. W., Martin, D. L. (2014). Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past (Vol. 3). Routledge. Hackett, S., McWhirter, P. T., Lesher, S. (2015). The therapeutic efficacy of domestic violence victim interventions. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 1524838014566720. Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 10(5), e1001452. Iverson, K. M., Litwack, S. D., Pineles, S. L., Suvak, M. K., Vaughn, R. A., Resick, P. A. (2013). Predictors of intimate partner violence revictimization: The relative impact of distinct PTSD symptoms, dissociation, and coping strategies. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(1), 102-110. Kundu, H., Basavaraj, P., Singla, A., Kote, S., Singh, S., Jain, S., ... Vashishtha, V. (2014). Domestic Violence and its Effect on Oral Health Behaviour and Oral Health Status. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(11), ZC09. Perez, S., Johnson, D. M., Wright, C. V. (2012). The attenuating effect of empowerment on IPV-related PTSD symptoms in battered women living in domestic violence shelters. Violence Against Women, 18(1), 102-117. Potter, A. E., Davidson, M. M., Wesselmann, D. (2015). Utilizing dialectical behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as phase-based trauma treatment: A case study series. International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, 21(2), 189. Smith, D. M. (2014). Stockholm Syndrome. Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Stets, J. E. (2012). Domestic violence and control. Springer Science Business Media. Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., Howard, L. M. (2012). Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 7(12), e51740.

Spontaneous Generation Essay Example For Students

Spontaneous Generation Essay From the time of the Ancient Romans, through the Middle Ages, and until the late nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter. Such spontaneous generation appeared to occur primarily in decaying matter. For example, a seventeenth century idea for the spontaneous generation of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar. Then, waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was said that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice. Although that idea may seem ridiculous today, that and other ideas like it were believed and accepted during that time, which was not too long ago. We will write a custom essay on Spontaneous Generation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation was made in 1668 by Francesco Redi, an Italian physician and poet. At that time, it was thought that maggots arose spontaneously in rotting meat. Redi believed that maggots developed from eggs laid by flies after observing that they had different developmental stages.. To test his hypothesis, he set out meat in a variety of flasks, some open to the air, some sealed completely, and others covered with gauze. As he had expected, maggots appeared only in the open flasks in which the flies could reach the meat and lay their eggs. This was one of the first examples of an experiment in which controls are used. In spite of his well-executed experiment, the belief in spontaneous generation remained strong, and even Redi continued to believe it occurred under some circumstances. The invention of the microscope encouraged this silly belief. Microscopes revealed a whole new world of organisms that appeared to arise spontaneously. It was quickly learned that to create animalcules, as the organisms were called, you needed only to place hay in water and wait a few days before examining your new creations under the microscope. The debate over spontaneous generation continued for centuries. In 1745, John Needham, an English clergyman, proposed what he considered the definitive experiment. Everyone knew that boiling killed microorganisms, so he proposed to test whether or not microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling. He boiled chicken broth, put it into a flask, sealed it, and waited sure enough, microorganisms grew. Needham claimed victory for spontaneous generation. An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, was not convinced, and he suggested that perhaps the microorganisms had entered the broth from the air after the broth was boiled, but before it was sealed. To test his theory, he modified Needhams experiment he placed the chicken broth in a flask, sealed the flask, drew off the air to create a vacuum, then boiled the broth. No microorganisms grew. Believers of spontaneous generation argued that Spallanzani had only proven that spontaneous generation could not occur without air. The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur. The French Academy of Sciences sponsored a contest for the best experiment either proving or disproving spontaneous generation. Pasteurs winning experiment was a variation of the methods of Needham and Spallanzani. He boiled meat broth in a flask, heated the neck of the flask in a flame until it became bendable, and bent it into the shape of an S. Air could enter the flask, but airborne microorganisms could not they would settle by gravity in the neck. As Pasteur had expected, no microorganisms grew. When Pasteur tilted the flask so that the broth reached the lowest point in the neck, where any airborne particles would have settled, the broth rapidly became cloudy with life. Pasteur had both refuted the theory of spontaneous generation and convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms are everywhere, even in the air!!! And also because of Pasteurs success, the theory of biogenesis came about that said that living organisms come only from other living organisms. .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .postImageUrl , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:hover , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:visited , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:active { border:0!importa nt; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:active , .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .ctaButton { b ackground-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1 .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cd8be1c7a20d3edcd70fd4ae244a4f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ocean Discovery Teaches Animal Cruelty Essay

Communications History Essays

Communications History Essays Communications History Essay Communications History Essay The premise r evolves around collaboration among artists, both professional and amateur, from a variety of tedium who are submitting work, related to a specific project idea, which is then produced an d aired to the public via cable television. Its distinctive are its inclusively, which allows anyone to s vomit and participate, as well as the collaborative nature which results in a variety of con tent and a unique online community of creators. Whiteboard is relying on the everyday artist, insist dead of massive media corporations, which gives viewers the ability to relate and take owners hip of the finished product in a unique way. Whiteboard has significance to our present culture, be cause it reflects the shift in our systems to independent productions over large corporations and t he use of technology to produce quality media. Through the rise of social media websites such as Backbone, Twitter, Instars m, Youth and Vine, increased value has been placed on the idea of independent count .NET production. More value is being placed on viewer control and input by the general public. Hitter cord on TV provides a way for people, who may have no connection to large production c impasses, to shift from being a consumer and bystander to an active participant and contributor o art, with an ability to follow the process as the work is formed and ideas are refined. This collaborative variety show combines the homespun genuineness of an endearing Youth s rise, with the focus and production quality of a larger broadcasting company. That combined with the broad array of talents from many contributors provides distinctively individual artistic pieces that resonate with viewers. Technology has had a significant effect on the possibility of even producing a show such as Whiteboard on TV. Artists are recognizing that creativity no longer is confine d to being shared n art clubs and museums, but instead online artistic communities are growing g and becoming vibrant. Because of increased access to internet and the rise of video sharing the current generation is realizing that they now have more say, more control and more i input into what is broadcast and what is produced. Publishers are now printing books that are written by internet celebrities with large followings. Humans of New York is a great example of the is, the popular photo blob on Backbone has garnered a following of millions, which has result De in a New York Times Bestseller book. Whiteboard is unique, an article in the Boston Globe des scribes it as a Streakier for creative where all the profits are split 5050 with contributors. (Mutter) The tally of Whiteboard collaborators on the story is 1,440. For its first episode De which aired on January 18, 2014. Previously, there has not been an avenue for such a great t capacity of creative to collaborate, be paid, and shared their art with such a large audience The idea of open collaborative art pieces, reflects a slow shift in the desire of our culture to be able to participate in the television and media we consume. Whiteboard o n TV allows ewers to be captured not only by the work itself, but by the story of the piece e, and how it came to be. There is a amiable quality of a piece, when you know it was created by r jugular people who very possibly created this art in their own homes. Similar to the success of You tube channels, that garner millions of subscribers and intense fan followings, simply off of ho museum videos, we recognize that there is more of a platform and a desire for less manipulate d media. The heavily produced, full of advertising, large corporation controlled media that my own generation has grown up on is becoming less desirable. People have more desire to be apart of what is being shared and created in m Edie, and this is now spilling over into television, through Whiteboard on TV where previously it was primarily through social platforms like Youth. The benefit Of this being on television r ether than only the internet, is that the production value can be increased and more polished, me Aiding the homespun feeling of sites like Youth with the production quality and polished feel of r jugular cable television. The Rolling stone reflects that the amateurishness is essential to the shows charm and part fatwa makes the idea of contributing to the show seem so access bible Viewers are deciding that they would sacrifice the top quality production and high pap d acting, for something they feel they could participate in themselves. Whiteboard on BRI nags together deposited actors and creative, like Joseph Gerontologist and Ell Fanning, or c median Mindy Killing, with people like me and you who simply resonate with the them e of the episode, and use our creative gifting to contribute. The show acts as an equals zero, where privilege,higher training, or connections, do not necessarily indicate our success AS, it is edged instead by content quality, shifting the focus back to the art itself, not j just the star power behind it. The premise of Whiteboard on TV, should motivate us as Christians to recognize e the opportunities collaboration provides, in art and ministry and community. Self essences is a necessary quality to use collaboration in our Christian lives. By collaborating i ideas, it requires individuals to not be so focused on their specific vision, but instead o n how the different contributions fit together collectively. When the body of Christ does t his we can focus solely on Christ and following him, and the unessential details pertaining nomination or worship style become less of a hang up. Collaboration also r fleets diversity, because each person has a unique perspective and skill set to offer. This can greatly benefit the body Of Christ as we seek grow in our siftings and Our relate unships with Christ and with each other in Christian community. Whiteboard on TV also has a strong sense of inclusively, where anyone can be a contributor. This should be manifesting itself in the way we live as the body of Christ. We ought not to only surround ourselves with people like ourselves, or exclude people from the Body of Christ, but insist ad it must remain open to all.

Body Parts in Japanese Vocabulary

Body Parts in Japanese Vocabulary Body parts are important terms to know, regardless of the language you are speaking. And Japanese is no exception. Whether you want to say the Japanese word for head (atama),  hair (kami), or even the toe (tsumasaki), its important not just to know their  meanings, but to be able to pronounce each body part correctly. Parts of the Body (Karada Bubun) The table below presents the Japanese words for body parts, with the Japanese word written in Latin script (romaji) on the left, followed by the body part listed in Japanese letters (kanji), with the English translation on the right. Click the links to hear the correct pronunciations. karada body atama head kami hair kao face hitai forehead me eye mayu eyebrow mabuta eyelid matusge eyelash hana nose mimi ear kuchi mouth kuchibiru lip ha teeth shita tongue nodo throat ago jaw kubi neck kata shoulder ude arm hiji elbow te hand yubi finger tsume nail mune chest senaka back onaka stomach hiza knee ashikubi ankle kakato heel tsumasaki toe

Who Am I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Who Am I - Essay Example English is my favorite language, and my passion for the subject helped me understand not only its use but its basis. I have the basic comprehension of most vocabulary and phrases in the language that I have learnt through studying in class and research in linguistic facilities. According to my teachers and friends, my linguistic intelligence has been characterized by love for reading and writing, remembrance of both written and spoken language, explanation capabilities and my involvement in persuasive debates at school. I have also been able to learn other languages quickly as compared to other students. Written language capabilities have helped me in understanding the English language and using perfect words and vocabularies in my essays. Another stronghold of my acumen is my knowledge in mathematics and subjects that relate to basic reasoning, improved results in subjects that entail mathematics and calculations have exposed my ability in the above intelligence. I have used this potential in helping my friends who are not endowed in the field. At learning facilities, teachers have appointed me a group leader in most mathematical field to help others in calculations and reasoning. This intelligence has helped me analyze problems logically, recognize patterns and help in scientific experiments. My approaches in mathematics have helped me become top in the class since I was in my younger stages. It has also helped improve my performance in other mathematics-related subjects such as physics. I also have a passion for computers that I use in most times to strengthen my acumen. Use of tests and self-set exams has also aided me to progress my performance in mathematics. Deductive reasoning is part of my thinking processes that help me in deducting ideas from mathematical solutions. This acumen derives the abilities to visualize not only with the human eye by also mind. The visualization

Babcock Marine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Babcock Marine - Essay Example In the year 2012, the loss of power especially in Devenport Dockyard eventually called for the attention of the senior management team belonging to Babcock Marine in adopting certain effective measures to address and mitigate this issue. This is owing to the reason that the issue had potential nuclear implications in accordance with the report published by Ministry of Defence (MoD). According to certain nuclear analysts, the power loss which happened in the dockyard that continued for 90 minutes could become â€Å"catastrophic† and might prove to be disastrous for Babcock Marine. It can be apparently observed that the power loss was mainly caused due to the fault in central nuclear switchboard and thus, it was regarded as one of the potentially dangerous events that have been recorded in the year 2012 (BBC, 2013). In this respect, an effective communication plan will be depicted in the form of developing effective communication tools that require be strategically employing as well as managing in an effective manner. The key areas of the communication would generally comprise determination of promotional objectives and marketing communication strategies along with promotional mix and utilising the accessible resources. The expected outcomes of the above depicted communication plan can be eradicating the potential problems that would arise due to the power loss and assisting the senior management team of Babcock Marine to handle this issue or problem quite efficiently. 2. Context Analysis 2.1. Market Context Technology has been playing a significant role in remoulding of customer awareness and also to the companies in improving their competitive advantage. A global distribution network is quite essential for marine products or services in order to create a physical identity of those products in front of the consumers. The marine industries have highly been benefited from the competitive strengths prevailing in the UK business market. The UK market is famou s for its popularity in maintaining quality and adoption of technical knowledge and skills. Thus, in relation to this scenario, Babcock Marine is having a huge significance in the field of acquiring huge volume of valuable customers. It is operating in the UK business market, wherein there pertains number of growth opportunities for Babcock. Since the past few years, there have been no change in the economic environment of the UK business market and the only left choices for the company can be viewed as elimination of services, reduction of outputs and seeking for applying different delivery models of the marine services. From a theoretical perspective, it can be apparently observed that the business of Babcock Marine expanded extensively throughout the region of the UK. This can be justified with reference to the fact that it employs nearly about 6,500 competent along with experienced workforce for performing its wide assortment of operational functions to the business markets wher e it operates (Stratton, n.d.). From the aforesaid study, it can be affirmed that the UK market was much favourable for Babcock Marine (Babcock International Group PLC, 2013). 2.2. Consumer Context The major consumers of Babcock Marine division generally include the Royal Navy of the UK and

Big business affects public relations ethics Essay Example for Free

Big business affects public relations ethics Essay Big business today affects public relation ethics. â€Å"U. S. corporations devote hundreds of millions of dollars annually to ? public relations in order to create goodwill for themselves. A major public ? relations goal is to make people believe that an organization exerts a ? positive and desirable force in society. This process is called image building; ideally, it creates credibility. † (Blohowiak 1987) There are two reasons regarding the deterioration of public relation ethics. First, people are driven by self gaining attitude. Second, because of the self- gain mentality, people treat costumers or the â€Å"other† as only an object or a means to achieve their desire. Individual’s self gain has been one of the strongest considerations of a man in indulging himself to a business or corporation. It is always automatic that man will seek for gain in any undertaking. Man desires for material things in life and is always in constant act of assimilating these things. This assimilation contributes to the malady of the business world today. Because of this drive of man to gain, man, most of the time is on a self- centered mode. Man is likely not to consider others in order to achieve his desires. He does not consider what ethical means to be done in order to achieve his goal rather, seeing only means that can contribute to his gain. Man becomes glued by the desire to gain. Instead of a brotherly relationship with a co- employee or a client, the relationship becomes just a functional relationship because people see each other as only a means to a desired end. They interact only by means of functions and with the reason of only accomplishing something. The relationship becomes an objective relationship and that they don’t care to other employees and costumers. The â€Å"I† and â€Å"thou† relationship is no where to be found. Customers and other employees are treated up objects. They are not recognized as also beings with human dignity. People in doing business do not look at the welfare of the â€Å"other† and becomes glued with self centeredness. Because of self gain which gives birth to treating others as only objects of their desire, the public relations ethics deteriorates. The business world today is full of deception that a lot of cases and dilemmas have been produced. People does not give emphasis on the quality of service they render instead their emphasis is on the amount of profit they will get from every transaction. Money becomes the criteria of doing business and of everything. The true meaning of inter human relationship vanishes. People do away from the very essence of it. They find meaning in assimilating material things which is a true deviation from their essence. Their essence as social being is to treat others as subjects, as beings with human dignity. People also deviate from the will of God because the will of God dictates that they must treat others with respect and love. God wants people to have a harmonious inter human relationship. It makes Him sad to see people using other people just to satisfy caprices. Greed becomes the theme of the business world today and great virtues and values are hard to find. The drive of man for self gain is very strong. It is very difficult to overcome. This is the reason why we have a deteriorating public relations ethics. People seem to care for the assimilation of money and nothing else. Material possessions drew people’s attention and they become fixated with it. Even in a lifetime, it is very difficult nowadays to detach from this sad reality of our existence. Life in the business world is always a tale of thinking to do what’s right and thinking to do what is beneficial to one’s self, very hard but interesting battle that every people is facing. With big business processing big investments for big profits, big business executives will not think twice in manipulating public relations activities to make the picture suit their interests over other competitiors.

Ecoterrorism :: American Government, Bush, Eco-saboteurs

Unquestionably, some of the typical targets of Eco-saboteurs are companies that use pesticides, new construction sites, SUV owners, biotech labs, and fast-food restaurants (Gale, 2006). Eco-saboteurs are members of the group called Earth Liberation Front (ELF) an Eco-terrorist group which in their ideology are protectors of the environment. They may also have been influenced by the publication of several books, including The Anarchist Cookbook (1971), by William Powell; Ecotage! (1972), edited by Sam Love and David Obst; and The Monkey Wrench Gang (1976), by Edward Abbey, a novel about four "ecoteurs" who roam the Southwestern United States blowing up bridges and vandalizing bulldozers in the name of environmental protection (Gale, 2006). The ELF group was inspired by Edward Abbey's 1975 novel, "The Monkey Wrench Gang", that was influential therefore the term "monkey wrench" has come to mean. Moreover, after September 11, 2001, many Americans were in fear and demanded a change in priorities from former President Bush. Americans showed full patriotic support for former President Bush and his counter-terrorism policies (Whipple, 2002). President Bush made instant comparisons between the ELF and Al Qaeda. The term Eco-terrorism has many complications of defining Terrorism. Eco-Terrorism can be defined by the Federal Bureau of investigation as "the use or threatened use of violence of a criminal nature against people or property by an environmentally oriented, sub-national group for environmental-political reasons, or aimed at an audience beyond the target, often of a symbolic nature (Long, 1998). Pursuing this further, this needs redefinition because of the term "terrorism." Terrorism is acts of terror with no remorse for human safety. Not all Eco-protestors create collateral damage which is violent acts on facilities that affect the environment negatively. Their have been many nonviolent civil disobedience's which have had an impact on American history in a positive way. For example, the Civil Rights Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and others, included sit-ins and illegal marches which weakened segregation in the south. Another example was the Women's Suffrage Movement that lasted from 1848 until 1920, when thousands of courageous women marched in the streets, endured hunger strikes, and submitted to arrest and jail in order to gain the right to vote. Also the Anti-war movement which were actions that have included refusal to pay for war, refusal to enlist in the military, occupation of draft centers, sit-ins, blockades, peace camps, and refusal to allow military r ecruiters on high school and college campuses (Starr, 1998).

Kinesthetic Learning Essay

There are four types of learning styles which is visual, auditory, kinesthetic and reading and writing learners. Kinesthetic learning is also referred to as tactile learning, this learning style consists of the person carrying out actual physical activity in order to learn, instead of listening to a verbal lecture or watching a demonstration. The best learning style, according to the questionnaire and personal experience is the one that suits me the best. This style of learning requires more hands-on training so I am able to grasp the information faster than if I was to watch a demonstration. My preferred learning strategies are things such as physically participating in different things, such as whenever a doctor teaches his nurses about a new procedure, I always have to do the procedure on my own otherwise I probably won’t end up learning. I enjoy doing hands-on work and experimenting and learn well when things are varied and don’t always stay the same. It’s very difficult for me to focus on one thing, I tend to multi-task so I prioritize based on what is the most important and what is the least important, then complete the task. If I have a lot of work to do, I take short breaks and walk around so that I don’t become fidgety and can refocus when I sit back down. To compare my preferred learning styles versus the identified learning styles, there are a lot of similarities such as using all the senses to learning such as sight, touch, taste smell, hearing, also getting lecturers who give real-life examples, hands on approaches and such. I see my learning style as, learning from reality itself. You take real life approaches to everything especially learning, you try to think of a certain situation from different angles. There are a few changes, that I can possibly make to my learning abilities and things that can help me study a little better to keep me more focused. Something I can try would be making my notes on colored paper so that it is more appealing and will make me interested toward learning the material. Another idea would maybe even type out my notes on a computer. I remember, during my years in college in the chemistry lab, I would be so excited to go to the chemistry lab because I loved doing experiements and seeing all the chemicals and taking the test tubes and putting different chemicals and seeing the end result such as different fumes and changing colors and the  result of combining chemicals.

Critical Comparison of Two Frost Poems Essay

Frost attempts to bring to the reader his character ‘s experiences with the world. The thoughts of the character are limited to his immediate surroundings but through the poet ‘s careful pick out of words they echo to the reader ‘s own understanding, of the general concept of life and his world and his place. I will examine, two of Frost ‘s poems: The Road Not Taken, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. I will, compare both poems by the effect of its words, sounds, and images and how this is significant and which effect does it have. The character in Frost ‘s poem The Road Not Taken has an immediate and acute interaction with his world as early as the first stanza. It manifests itself in the form of a crossroads , which for some time leaves the character agonizing for a choice . This contact is important : its existence signifies that life is not linear , and has not delineated a given path for an individual to take . They diverge into many , many roads , each with its own consequence and destination. The subsequent decision and step of Frost ‘s traveller opened up a multitude of implications of his interactions with the world . The traveller must have carefully studied and pondered over the better path or one that has more promise . His decision , in the end , was arbitrary Frost ‘s of the path ‘s grassy and wanted wear , on which stood the basis of his choice , was easily refuted by the line that followed : Had worn them really about the same . The poet gives no indication of difference nor anything striking that might impel his character from going to one path in preference to the other . He is then faced with this realization : no two paths are so similar that they can be mechanically compared . It echoes in a deeper understanding that in life , sometimes decisions are made without solid basis or moral certitude , and their value are just about the same – based on how the individual acts in his decision. Taking another look at the character ‘s sudden leap , we can offer another quiet observation : while he inspected one road To where it bent in the undergrowth , he took the other , as just as fair . We have already discovered that they were substantially the same path , and of the same quality . If we take a short look at a later stanza , we would see that Frost ‘s character had meant to save that way for another time ( Oh , I kept the first for another day . This thought , and the subsequent decision , stemmed primarily from the seeming grassy and wanted wear claim of one path. One important gem of thought to be found here is that in life , there are no absolute , predictable moments . Man was moulded with freedom of thought , will and choice . He is a dynamic being , and subject to capricious whims and moments of spontaneity . It is this freedom , in fact , that keeps him from being ensnared in stasis , and indecision He may act without apparent logical basis , and he need not even do so We are given another gem, in this spontaneous act : the traveller ‘s wilful act was rooted in a desire to break from routine . It was as if some inner desire impelled him to shy away from the normalcy of everyday life . This , to him , was a proud moment ( I took the one less travelled by that has made all the difference . His realization of its value elucidates the fact that Man should not entrap himself in cycles and routines , for there was a world out there that wanted wear , and has yet to be discovered. This act becomes that milestone in a person ‘s life where he becomes aware of his world , and how this one small action has a hundredfold meaning . It is not , however , altogether complete – though he has made the profound discovery of the meaning of his one choice , and its inherent great value , he is also made painfully aware of his humanity His regrets throughout the poem ( sorry I could not travel both . I doubted if I should ever come back , as well as the wistfulness of the title itself ( The Road Not Taken ) are at the heart of every human desire . Men are inherently imperfect , and cannot absorb the infinitesimal of the universe , much less all of the world ‘s experiences It is a bittersweet afterthought that how way leads on to way ‘ there was no going back to the original route . One is reminded at this juncture of the wise counsel of Ignatius of Loyola , that once a choice has been made and made irreversibly , then one should not fret over its being unmade : We can change its effects , but the act of choosing is over and done with.

Selena nguyen Essays (741 words) - Transport, Road Safety

Selena nguyen Essays (741 words) - Transport, Road Safety Selena nguyen Teenage driving When you were younger, did you ever ask your parents to drive you to your destinations, however they would say no? Growing up, children wait and wait until the day comes when they are finally sixteen and driving. They can now take themselves wherever they choose without relying on someone else. The law is deciding to increase the minimum driving age to eighteen. If the age does change, teenagers will have to wait longer until they are able to drive on their own. It can also affect many things that have already been established. Teen life, parent life, and teenagers' independence will be greatly affected. Teenagers benefit from driving at sixteen. Getting a driver's license early allows teens to work, enjoy extracurricular activities, and gain experience to prepare them for life after school. Teenagers who are employed learn how to function in a workplace. Employers prefer potential workers who have experience. Working gives teens a small fluid income. Teenagers who earn money learn valuable skills of saving money and personal finance. Along with having the ability to drive to work, teens with licenses can drive to extracurricular activities. Clubs and sports allow kids to discover and develop talents and interests. Adolescents find future careers in extracurricular activities. In addition, teens gain independence and life experience from driving. If the minimum driving age were to be raised to eighteen, many high school students would not be able to drive before they go to college. Driving is necessary for college. In order for college students to travel to classes, jobs, and housing , driving is a needed skill. The minimum driving age should not be changed. While this issue affects teens, it also has an effect on the parents. Parents welcome their children's independence. However, they appreciate it for different reasons. First, it allows parents to spend more time at work without making plans for their kids. This is especially useful when students live outside the bus area. Parents should not need to use their entire lunch break to drive their children home. Another reason teenagers should be able to drive at sixteen is so they can arrive at their extracurricular activities whenever needed. It saves parents from taking time off work to drive their children back and forth from school activities. If teenagers are able to drive, they can pick up younger siblings as well as drive themselves home. Finally, driving allows teenagers to transport themselves to and from jobs. Depending on the economic situation of the family, it could be helpful to have a small amount of easy income into the family for support. Teenagers who drive benefit their entire families. Parents, lawmakers, and even teenagers believe it is safer to wait until the age of eighteen. The opposition considers waiting until eighteen will teach teens responsibility and lower the chance of risk while driving. In driver's education, students are taught that during the first month of owning their license, new drivers are three times more likely to get into an accident. By waiting, new drivers will have more practice and experience driving. Sixteen year olds are more reckless and ill-prepared. At the age of eighteen, teenagers are more responsible and ready for maturity as they have finished their high school years and are going into college. Although the opposition believes young drivers are hazardous, the scenario would be similar to if teens had to wait until the age of eighteen. Due to waiting two more years for a license, teens will be restricted from traveling, causing a heavy reliance upon parents. Parents or guardians will have to leave their own occupation in order to help the child reach their destination. Parental jobs would become strained or even lost. Opportunities to make more money would disappear, hurting families' incomes and their financial status. In conclusion, the minimum driving age should not be raised from the age of sixteen. The effect on teens and their families would be too harsh. The independence that teens gain from driving at an early age allows them to obtain experience in the workplace and on the road. Furthermore, shortening their time on the road may result in more crashes. Parents of teens should not be obligated to drive

Body Image And Its Effects On Society

Media affects body image Body image is an idiosyncratic picture of one 's own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by observing the reactions of others. Whether it may be a magazine cover, commercial or the internet, the media 's false portrayal of perfection greatly impacts children and young adults. The media glorifies models and celebrities as figures of a higher standard, as icons of beauty and youth. Media features female models with tall, slender body types and male†¦ Body image has a large impact in society, and not only affects women but affects men as well. The ideal body image is often enforced by media and it affects how we view ourselves. Many individuals are unhappy with their own body and feel uncomfortable in their own skin due to misrepresentations of beautiy in the media. In the bodybuilding community, males are constantly dissatisfied with how they view themselves. They do not feel like they are strong, big, or manly enough and therefore try to change†¦ is media use and body image. Individuals spend hours using or watching media. I personally spend almost 3-4 hours on social media or watching media. With its growing influence media has the opportunity to influence individuals of all age groups. Whether it be with their political choices, or their aspirations in life. With its growing impact it is necessary to examine, does media affect body image? After reviewing articles, I can come to the conclusion that media affects body image more negatively†¦ The â€Å"Ideal† Body Type for Men and Women. Society has created expectations that seem unobtainable to people. For example, women are supposed to be curvy, but not too curvy, have a thigh gap, and a chest, but not too big of a chest. Men are supposed to have cut abs, bulging biceps, and chiseled features. As a result, culture’s body image expectations have had several effects on the modern men and women including but not limited to: body comparison, body shamming, eating disorders, depression†¦ this research, the researchers wanted to find out if body image self-discrepancy is really a mediator in the process of social comparison from the exposure to the thin-ideal body by the media, together with the bad effects of such comparison. The participants were exposed with advertisements that consist either with thin-ideal women or without thin women. The researchers found out that the exposure to thin-ideal advertisement induced women’s body dissatisfaction, dropped their self-esteem, produced†¦ eaten. Society needs to regulate advertising, images and videos that feature people with unique physiques edited to perfection in order to decrease the amount of eating disorders. The impact the media has on body image is huge. The media bombards society with images of men and women with perfect bodies, which affect people both mentally and physically. These photos of supermodels and actors are now accessible more than ever due to technology becoming a huge part of people’s everyday life. Society spends†¦ Introduction There has been a dramatic shift, within the last couple of decades, on how women perceive their body. Unfortunately this shift has been significantly negative in nature. Women in today’s society are more dissatisfied with their bodies than ever before. The main culprit, which has driven this downward trend, is mass media. Mass media is very much a double-edged sword. On one hand, it has increased global connectivity and has allowed for the perpetuation of information in a very fast†¦ hand is how does social media influence our behavior and is this positive or negative. One area of controversy is social media’s effect on body image. Our culture has set unrealistic standards of how people should look. This has left a precedent specifically for women and has adhered to the development of confidence. Body dysphoria arises from these standards set by society. Such influences have caused eating disorders because of the competition to be the skinniest. Models are sizes double zero and†¦ Media’s effect on Body Image Doesn’t everyone want to have a body like Jennifer Lopez, Mila Kunis or Emma Watson? These are attractions in today’s media, which have an impact on how we look at our body and view ourself. The topic I have chosen is about the effect of media on our body image. I have chosen this topic because it is very important to analyze the impact of media in our daily lives and whether that impact is positive or negative. With respect to research, media negatively impacts the way†¦ â€Å"The human body is the best work of art† –Jess C. Scott Nearly every person in America has something about themselves that they don’t like. Whether it’s their smile, their legs, or the way they look in a swimsuit. A person has no trouble overlooking what’s beautiful about them and solely focusing on their flaws. Body image issues have been around for centuries. Women have tried altering their bodies in order to become ‘beautiful’, and most of the time those procedures are in no way healthy. Many†¦

Quistclose trust and the requirements for its creation Essay

Quistclose trust and the requirements for its creation - Essay Example It is whether his conduct renders him liable for having assisted in a breach of trust.† Lord Millett in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley and Others [2002] 2 AC 164 at paragraph 52. Definition of a Quistclose trust A Quistclose trust is created when a creditor extends a loan to a debtor with the condition that the money lent should be used for a particular purpose. In commercial parlance, a Quistclose trust is â€Å"a means by which a lender of money can retain a ‘security interest’ in loan moneys only for specified purposes†.1 If the money is used by the borrower for a purpose other than that specified in the loan agreement, a trust is then imposed on the money in favour of the lender. How this works in the lender’s favour is best appreciated at such instance that the borrower is rendered insolvent. During insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings, the insolvent borrower’s estate is distributed according to the procedure specified by law. If a trust were no t created on the loan amount, then the creditor who extends such loan is an unsecured creditor, and his claim on the borrower’s assets will be included and classified among the other claims from other creditors. It shall therefore be settled pursuant to the hierarchy of claims, of which such unsecured loans have a low priority and may remain unsatisfied due to insufficiency of the estate.2 On the other hand, the Quistclose trust creates a security interest on the loan, meaning that such may not be distributed in the insolvency proceedings from the borrower’s remaining estate. Even if the borrower is not rendered insolvent after the loan is contracted, the lender retains the right to recover the loan amount, even to trace the loan money into the hands of third parties to whom it was given in breach of the loan contract.3 First Issue: Nature of the Quistclose trust and the requirements for its creation The Quistclose trust (from the judgement rendered in Barclays Bank Lt d v Quistclose Investments, Ltd. in 1970) gives rise to several legal requisites: (1) It is important to precisely identify the sort of â€Å"security interest† the lender acquires. (2) It is important to know whether the lender â€Å"retains† a right in the original loan moneys throughout the life of the loan contract, or whether the right is created for the first time only at such time the borrower disobeys the terms of the loan contract, or whether the right comes into existence in some other ways. (3) It is important to categorize which kind of trust the Quistclose trust is – whether it is an express trust, resulting trust, constructive trust, or another type of construct. (4) It is important to consider how the precise terms of any loan contract alter the appropriate analysis on the facts of any given case.4 The difficulty with defining Quistclose trusts in terms of the foregoing is that Quistclose trusts are created by operation of law, arising out of any situation involving a loan where the creditor insists that the borrower use the money only for a stated purposes, in a manner which seems to imply that the borrowed sum is not at the borrower’s free disposal. If this were the case, then the determination of the three certainties of express trust (intention, subject matter and objects) which would normally justify a finding that a trust existed, would have to be proved. As it is, in finding that a Quitclose trust existed from the mere intention

How color influence customer's decisions and behaviors Essay

How color influence customer's decisions and behaviors - Essay Example It will also consider the other alternatives in design for providing a more conducive environment for customers in pubs and cafes. Conflict in bars and pubs is a common occurrence in UK as well as in other parts of the world. Obviously, the main reason is that alcohol removes inhibition and enhances people’s tendency to react freely to situations. No matter how thoughtful and well planned the design is, one cannot hope to completely eradicate aggression in the setting of a bar or pub. On the other hand, one cannot simply ignore the â€Å"influence† of the design of a pub or bar on the â€Å"mood and behaviour of people who spend time in it† (Conflict & Violence in Pubs: Design Issues, 1992 p.3). This is because various elements in the environment in which humans function are known to exercise a high level of influence on their behaviour and determine how they respond to given situations. The design, light, colour or flow patterns of bars and pubs, when coupled with other factors such as drunkenness and noise pollution, can increase the stress levels of patrons and create flash points for in stigating aggression. Research evidence suggests that the design, interior and â€Å"overly energetic dà ©cor – complexity and colour schemes† are causing â€Å"between 15 and 20% of all aggression† in bars and pubs (Conflict & Violence in Pubs: Design Issues, 1992 p.3). Therefore, these factors need to be taken into consideration when the designs of bars and pubs are planned and decided. Thus, apart from an appropriate shape and direction of the building and suitable design, it is significant to choose a sober colour scheme to facilitate a more congenial setting in pubs to reduce the stress levels of drunken customers and to encourage them to conduct peacefully. In the present day, â€Å"client initiated violence† is on the increase, which is identified as a major issue in â€Å"retail trade† including bars and pubs (Prevention and Management

Risk and return of entrepreneurial investments Essay

Risk and return of entrepreneurial investments - Essay Example In this regard, venture capital partnerships have played a significant role and have made this industry grow (Kaplan and Schoar, 2003). In order to validate their claim, Kaplan and Schoar (2003) analysed the history of venture capital partnerships which had increased in the year of 1990 from less than $10 billion to over $180 billion till the year of 2000. Entrepreneurial investments require taking many risks and return measurement methods. But, before going to take risk, capital is required to be available for the purpose of investments. Many methods are available that can be used for the purpose of arranging capital. Venture capital can be a good source of finance. In which mostly, wealthy individuals provide their capital to investment companies, small business, and limited partnerships. This type of capital is collected to invest in a new business or ventures. A considerable amount of capital is required to invest with the intent of receiving high returns.Furthermore, angel investors also provide capital for those who wants to establish their small business or those who want to become investment entrepreneurs. This type of capital is mostly provided and given for a one-time injection. This one time injection provides a root to grow the tree of a business or investment. Also, Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) can also be used for the purpose of raising capital. This raised capital can be used for the purpose of doing further investment in different and variety of assets. But, using this method of collecting capital requires a company to issue a publically tradable shares and securities. After arranging and investing capital, return can be measured and understood with the use and application of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The internal rate of return provides a figure of the annual yield on an investment (Gottschalg & Phalippou, 2007). This yield measurement tool is considerably helpful to determining the level of yield that can be expected from a set of investments. A particular numerical method of the internal rate of return is used to obtain the figure of yield. Also, Net Present Value (NPV) is a widely used as a tool of evaluation. This tool of evaluation can be used to determine and highlight an investment project from a set of different investment projects that have positive cash flows. Thus, the posi tive net cash flows authenticate and validate to go with the project for the purpose of investment. In the subsequent parts of this piece of work, first, private equity funds, angel investors, venture capitalists, IPOs are further elaborated. Then, IRR and NPV are explained. But before conclusion, some focus is given to US or EU returns of entrepreneurial finance are explained. Private Equity Funds____________________________________ Private equity is not quoted like public equity in the capital markets. Fund managers first try to arrange some funds. And subsequently, these funds are invested into public and private companies. Various sources are available that can be used for the purpose of raising funds. For example, angle investors, venture capitalists and so on. Mostly, it is these sources that play a vital and pivotal role in raising funds. Additionally, some academic gurus call them institutional investors as well. Various reasons can require a need to raise funds or capital. Sometimes, a company may require to facilitate and to fulfil the purchase needs of new assets to add to the efficiency of a business; to fulfil a short term

Business overview of McDonalds and analysis

Business overview of McDonalds and analysis The UK fast food market is worth an estimated  £7.82 billion annually (Keynote, 2003), amounting to an average spend  £20/month per adult (Mcdonald, 2003). Due to busier consumer lifestyles and dual working families with children emphasis is increasingly being placed on quick meal solutions (Atkins and Bowler, 2001). This has resulted in a market growth of 19% in fast food since 1998. As the business has spread globally; giant fast food companies adapted their business strategy as well. It has invested money on research and development to strengthen their managing policies. Recently many researchers have shown interest regarding implementing change in management system of the fast food industry. They have carried out numerous observations to illuminate the darkness of this field. As the literature review helps to frame the initial focus of the study, well as to focus the data analysis (Swanson Holton1997). It also helps researchers to limit the scope of their inquiry and acts as a benchmark for comparison purposes. In this literature review, their findings and suggestions are sincerely considered for further steps of the research. According to Creswell (2003) literature reviews provide a framework for establishing the importance of the study. 2.1 An overview of McDonalds In the world of globalisation the fast food business is the most dynamic and growth orientated business. McDonalds is one of the most thriving global restaurant chains around the world. McDonalds have used effective global expansion strategies to enter new markets and gain a share of the foreign fast food market. Now McDonalds is a global scale brand. Since the start of the company in 1973, McDonalds Corporation began spreading domestically throughout the United States thus establishing its brand recognition. Its initial strategy began by advertising directly to the middle and upper class citizens, as can be seen in countries such as India and China. To meet the challenge and maintain the success McDonalds has, they had adopt may changes in their strategy, management, and operation process. The focus of the research is to reveal the elements of resistance in the current change management system both in practice and theory in MacDonalds. This chapter is organized according to the various components of resistance to change and reducing resistance with the help of human resource strategies of the organization. In England first McDonald was opened 1974 at Woolwich Southeast Station. In 35 years 1250 restaurants have reached by end of 2005 most of the traditional high streets, shopping centres, retail parks, roadside locations, leisure centres, railway and airport terminal and motorway service areas (Official website). They have different types of store like 24hrs, take away only, super store in Retail Park. There is no particular up-to-date information about how many superstore, take-a-way or airport as well as franchise restaurant in London or in specific area in UK. May be this information is only for top level management, not available for general people. New store is open every year, also some store has been relocated or even close for business policy. MacDonalds also spread its franchise business all over the world mainly in Asia. Asia is very attractive business market for McDonalds. Its now common to see MacDonalds drive to logo in many Asian major cities. Recession is also affecting the fast food industry but this situation is improving day by day. Many new menus are including attracting more customers. MacDonalds also develop policy for healthy fast food policy so campaigners cannot blame them continuously which influence general public to have MacDonalds food. 2.2. Change McDonalds has adopted many strategic and operational changes during its business cycle .Organizational theorists like Drucker (1995) stated change is a constant in all contexts. Change can be defined from an organizational development perspective. Pendlebury, J. et al (1998) demonstrated change as troublesome to organizations, and it is quite disruptive to the individual. The effect of change on individuals is significant. In many respects, it is the emotional dimension of resistance that must be managed throughout the life of the change event. Vigorous emotions can be removed through the process of change within organizations. In fact, scholars argue that every act or event of change will draw some type of resistance resistance that will clear itself in emotions such as fear and anger, denial, avoidance, and resistance. Change can be so disturbing that even individuals directly unaffected by a change initiative can be affected through survivor guilt. According to Noer (1997) survivor guilt or sickness may be experienced by individuals indirectly affected by change and may serve as a significant source of resistance for individuals. 2.2.1. Forces of change Change depends on two forces, which could be external and internal forces. If managers, employees or organisations think about these forces, than they can implement on change successfully. The forces for change are: Internal Forces Human resource prospects (Unmet needs, Job dissatisfaction, Absenteeism and staff turnover Productivity Participation) Managerial decisions. Managerial decisions (Conflict, Leadership, Reward system, Structural reorganisation) the needs for the change. (Bullens, et al 2006). External Forces Change is initiated via external sources such as cultural and political factors. In short, additional external factors like globalizing markets, technology, politics, and communications are all sources of change (Nadler, 1997). Social Change There is lots of pressure from many health concern organisations, doctors association, consumer association even government health institution for the food type and food value of McDonalds restaurant. Many scientific statistics has been published on different media about the quality and nutrition value of Macs food. Even UN organisation W.H.O (World Health Organisation) also comments negatively against fast food. Macs mainly targeted customers are children and teenagers rather professional and elderly people. McDonalds always face different social challenge from internal as well as external sources. But they try to maintain highest possible hygiene and safe way to make and serve the food as well as plan to mention the food values for each item which help all the consumers to know the nutrition value of the food. Technological Change Technological change in the organisation is critical, for three primary reasons. 1- Competitors use technology as part of major success strategies. 2- Technology driven is everywhere and always present. 3- Value capture from new technology is challenging and never guaranteed. Source: Ettlie,J (2000) Most of the time, we hold technology as a constant, because its convenient. The more change in technology of products, services, and operations, the more change in administrative procedures, new strategies, new organisational structures, and new operating procedures will be required to successfully capture the potential benefits of the venture. The failure of technological change typically occurs when either too much technology is adopted too quickly or not enough technology is adopted to stay ahead of competitors. Nadler (1997) argue strongly for the case of new technologies and new markets. Jick (1995) identifies competition and the aspirations to gain and maintain competitive advantage a key Impetus for change. Economical Change McDonalds has the tendency to experience hardship in instances where the economy of the country is hit by inflation and changes in the exchange rates. **The current recession also put them struggling. The high store maintenance cost in major cities like London, New York, Tokyo etc. is very expensive. For the recession people try to eat home to save money even MacDonalds offers food is the cheapest than other competitors. The low sales impact on store profit which also related to all kind of necessary expenditure. Another factor is the maintaining the food preparation and service standard for MacDonalds food which is prime concern for them to establish the hygiene and safety issue for the people health. If MacDonalds charge high price of their food to maintain store standard they will definitely loose target customer and most valuable reputation. Still they are in market leader position. Economical chance has great influence on MacDonalds business. Political Change Government can implement some bindings on the advertisement of McDonalds because of the high cholesterol, obesity and some other health problem. They also control the licence as we mentioned earlier in social change that MacDonalds have many legal bindings from different level of government and non-government organisation. Political change of a country has also affect MacDonalds business. As health issue is one of the prime concerns of the respective government, if any political change occurs the health policy can also change. The very practical example in UK conservative government will change the health policy of the previous labour government. MacDonalds must track the relevant information by which their business can be affected. In other case marketing can also affected by political change. Sometimes, social crisis influence to raise the public issue politically. Like obesity in the western world is an important discussion topic in heath area. Government regulates the advertising to focus this concern so that people awareness will increases about the obesity. MacDonalds must accommodate with this policy in all its marketing campaigns. Culture Culture examines societys values, norms, believes, symbols. Organisational culture, is the concept to analyse that the organisation can be very useful for focusing on the more behavioural and attitudinal aspects of the organisational life. Organisational culture is the social aspects of our employing organisations. Scheins (1985) developed the following typology for cultural analysis The organisations relationship to its environment (belief that relate to the broader environment) The nature of the human activity (beliefs about what the core activity of the business should be) The nature of the reality and truth The nature of human nature (beliefs about what people are like) The nature of human relationships (beliefs are about how people should relate to one another both hierarchically and horizontally) Homogeneity versus diversity (beliefs about similar or diverse the workforce should be) (Ellis Dick 2003). According to Schein (2004) culture change certainly involves unlearning as well as relearning and is therefore, by definition, transformative thus: Schein (2004) also suggested learning leaders must be well connected to those parts of the organization that are themselves well connected to the environment-the sales organization, purchasing, marketing, public relations, legal, finance, and RD must be able to listen to disconfirming information coming from these sources and to assess the implications for the future of the organization. The Wider Environment Social Values Demographics Task Environment Customers and markets Economy Technology Suppliers of Inputs Competitors For markets For resources Regulatory groups The Firm Process Factor What is done (task) How things are done (technology) People factors Workforce diversity Workforce Behaviour Figure 2.1: Triggers to change. Corlett,Forster, (2004), 2.3. Theories of change management There are many change models that are used to aid experts in implementing change. These models can be broken down into two types of change theories that organizations can use: radical and incremental. Within each of these approaches there are various models and processes. 2.3.1 Radical vs Incremental change Radical change approaches include, but are not limited to, six sigma, quality function deployment, and re-engineering. Radical change models are used to jump-start an organization and are also used when a culture change is required. In 1994, Dyer explain radical change , In a conventionally Midwestern family business atmosphere, change is likely to be more heavily resisted than in other organizations because the feelings adjacent to the change tend to be deeper and more intense, and previous research shows that family values, goals, and relations deeply influence strategic change in family-oriented firms . A review of the literature Senge (1990) reflects the need for organizations to be able to continuously adjust as well as to allow for learning to take place. Incremental change approaches include, but are not limited to, Kurt Lewins model, Beckhards change model, Kotters transformation model, and the Bridges transition model. Incremental change models are related with improving the existing system and operate within the current business model. All these models have a stage of unfreezing of the current behavior, a change being introduced, and a stage of refreezing the new behavior, or else they begin with the identification of the current state, the desired state, and the blocks and barriers that exist between the two. Cummings and Worley, (2001) state that Kurt Lewins three-stage change model is the root of change management. Lewins change model consisting of the following steps: 1) unfreezing the old behaviour (or situation), 2) moving to a new level of behaviour, and 3) refreezing, the behaviour at the new level. Lewin viewed the change process as a fundamental alteration or change in the forces that kept a system in stasis. According to Lewin, an organization will go through the process of making preparations for change, developing the force for change, implementing change, and then will strive to re-establish stability or reach stasis. Unfreeze Change Refreeze Figure 2.2 Kurt Lewins three-stage change model of change. Adopted from Cummings and Worley, (2001) According to Van de Ven and Poole (1995) Organizational change is an empirical observation in an organizational entity of variations in shape, quality or state over time. Kaestle (1990) states in A New Rationale for Organizational Structure, that there are fundamentally two drivers for organizational change: 1) a dynamic marketplace and, 2) information technology. 2.3.2 Conditions for change According to Kotter (1996) certain conditions need to be met in order to bring about effective change. These conditions on what is known to contribute to the failure of change efforts. 2.3.3 People involved in change Kotter also states that producing change is about 80% leadership (establishing direction, aligning, and motivating and inspiring people) and about 20% management (planning, budgeting, organizing, and problem-solving). In most change efforts he has studied, the percentages have been reversed. While there are some examples of successful change efforts, so leadership or management works as a change agent within the organization. According to Vago (1999) in a planned change effort, change agents are professionals who influence and implement the change; they are critical to the success of a change effort. Recent studies indicate that static change models are being replaced with dynamic change models that reflect the discontinuous nature of organizational change. In other words, change does not occur at a steady rate even though in the past organizational theory has written about steady or static models. 2.3.4 People in change Schein (2004) also suggested learning leaders must be well connected to those parts of the organization that are themselves well connected to the environment-the sales organization, purchasing, marketing, public relations, legal, finance, and RD must be able to listen to disconfirming information coming from these sources and to assess the implications for the future of the organization. 2.3.5. The modern version of Lewins theory Neito (2006) described the graceful tools of Lewins theory is the critical analysis if it is to be helpful to HR professionals. To start by means of, it is affective and how easy to get the agreement of employees regarding a change process. Even though if the change is important, but people will not accept the change easily, thats way the first stage Unfreezing takes more time rather than other stages. Next process is Change, this process will be by itself, but this process should be managed properly. If this process is managed properly there are incentives and benefits (easy wins) during the change process, end of the day this process will give the positive support. Finally, the last stage is Refreezing which is a process of that stabilizes the change, which has been done. Human resource strategies are influenced by external and internal factors. Change successful depends on the concern and growth on the employee relations and interpersonal relationships. Human resource professionals should consider the change processes are likely to meet resistance and that is more efficient to consult with staff and expand teamwork than to oblige changes. Present workers should therefore invest in special development to enhance their long term employability.(Neito,M 2006) To understand the process and the nature of change in the organization, it is important to understand how organization works in the complex environment of external and internal forces. According to Hayes. J (2007) open structure theory predicts that changes to any one of the internal and external elements of an organisations will source changes to other fundamentals. Hayes. J (2007) adopts from Kotter (1980) the integrative model of organisational dynamics. Recent theorists have considered change according to developmental change, transitional change, and transformational change (Anderson Ackerman-Anderson, 2001). The six main elements in Kotters model are: External environment, based on the direct task related environment and the wider environment (which includes the political system, economical system etc). Employees and other tangible assets, as well as building cash and all other stuff and inventories. Formal organisational arrangements which system is operating and job design Social system, which is based on organisations culture and social structure. Technology is the main product of the organisation. Dominant coalition Goals, strategies of those who control to make the plane. According to Hayes.J (2007) adaptability is very important because it determines whether the organisation will be able or not to maintain the require degree of alignment over the long period. For the long period, the main purpose of change management needs to be ensuring, that the structural basics of the organisation are as adaptable. Key organisational processes Information gathering Communication Decision making Matter energy transportation Matter energy conversion Formal organisational Dominant coalition External environment Technology, methods Social system culture Employees and tangibleaaaa assets Source of potential behaviour and constraint Impact on Figure: 2.4 Source: Hayes,J.(2007) The theory and Practice of Change Management ,2nd ed, p-47, palgrave Macmillan. 2.3.6. Force Field Tool Force Field Tool is the pioneer tool for change management; the tool was developed by Kurt Lewin. Schein (2002) explain Kurt Lewin tool, how change is influenced by two opposing factors driving and restraining forces that work against each other to sustain a state of stability .At the same time as driving forces uphold change, restraining forces resist the driving forces and thus hold back change. When these forces are balanced, a state of quasi-stationary equilibrium is achieved. Equilibrium Driving forces ( Restraining forces Figure2.3: Lewins Force Field Theory The term quasi-stationary equilibrium was used by Schein (2002) to describe the stable routine of day-to-day activity, rather than just equilibrium which implies a state of rest . According to Schein (2002) Any living system is always in a state of some change (growth, metamorphosis, or decline), but all systems are homeostatic in that they always tend toward some kind of equilibrium (p. 35). To explain the quasi-stationary state, Lewin used the analogy of a river flowing at the same velocity and direction over time. Although the river is not at rest, it flows consistently at the same rate and thus is stable. A shift in velocity or direction, however, would constitute a change. To bring about change, either driving forces need to be added or restraining forces must be diminished. According to Schein (2002) adding more driving forces is likely to be paralleled by higher aggressiveness, higher emotionality, and lower constructiveness than if restraining forces were reduced; therefore, the latter is a more desirable course of action. In addition, adding driving forces is likely to result in new restraining forces as people try to maintain a state of quasi-stationary equilibrium. In this study, force field theory provided the theoretical framework for the variable of resistance to change in that it posited the tendency for groups to maintain a state of stability with restraining forces (i.e. resistance) resulting when driving forces that promote change are introduced. 2.3.7. A congruence model of organisations A substitute open system model, planned by Nadler and Tushman (1982) point out the effect of the congruency of the elements of the organisation, and shows the effectiveness on the organisation. Additionally, it puts more pressure, on the role of strategy, because any organisation based on the strategy as well. Congruence model depends on the four classes of input: Environment: Environment as well as based on wider culture, within which the organisation operates, thats the backbone of the organisation. Environment is a part of financial institutions, supplies, markets and it is the overall system of the organisation, which is based on the external and internal environment of the organisation. Environment provides the strength and opportunities that the organisation has to compete with. Resources: Resources like as raw material, liquid capital, labour, technologies. History: History is very important for the organisation, because past strategic decisions and development of central part values and patterns of leadership can affect the present model of organisation. Strategy: This input gives the direction how the organisations resources can be used to be the advantage in relation to the opportunities, and demands of the environment. Successful organisations are those that are able to support themselves with the help of external environment and move themselves to take advantage of any environmental changes. Nadler and Tushman (1982) argue that strategy defines the task of the organisation. Strategy is effective to the organisations behavioural system. They recommend that the goals of strategy measure the organisations performance. Nadler and Tushman(1982) define the major components of the transformation process as: a- Task, can be viewed in terms of obstacle, predictability, interdependence a skill demands. b- Individuals, those are the members of the organisation and their reaction capabilities, intelligence, experience, training, skills, attitudes, expectations etc. c- Formal organisational performance that include all the mechanisms used by the organisation to direct, control behaviour or formation. d- Informal organisation, as well as informal group structures, the quality of inter-group relations, political processes, etc. Transformation process x Informal organisation Individual Task Formal organisation Organisation Group, Individual Environment Resources, History Inputs Outputs Strategy Feedback Figure: 2.5 Source: Hayes,J.(2007) The theory and Practice of Change Management 2nd ed, p-52,palgrave Macmillan. Like Kotter, Nadler and Tushman argue that any useful model of organisations must go beyond only providing a simple sketch of the tools of the organisation and consider the dynamic relationships that exist between the various tools. They define congruence as the degree to those the needs, goals, objectives and structures of any one tool of the organisation are reliable with the needs. Their general theory is that, other things equal, the greater the total degree of congruence between the different tools the more efficient will be the organisations behaviour. Figure 2.5 summarises the congruence model and the bold double headed arrows specify the six fits between the components of the transformation process (the internal organisation) These are: (a) Individual Formal organisations for example to what extents are individual needs met by the formal organisational arrangements? (b) Individual Task for example, to what extent do individuals have the skills required to meet task demands and to what extent do the tasks satisfy individual needs? (c) Individual informal organisation for example, to what extent does the informal organisation satisfy the needs of individuals or make best use of their talents? (d) Task formal organisation for example, to what level are the formal organisational arrangements enough to meet the demands of the task? (e) Task informal organisation for example, to what point does the informal organisation make sure to task performance? (f) Formal informal organisation for example, to what level are the goals, rewards and structures of the informal organisation reliable with those of the formal organisation? Mostly tools that Nadler and Tushman desire to focus on are different to those that figure in kotters model. All models are overview of the real world, and the usefulness of the particular model, in the context of the change management. Schneider state in the book of john Hayes, Internal and external alignment promotes organisational effectiveness because the various elements of the system strengthen rather than upset each other, thereby minimising the loss of system energy and resources. 2.4. Defining resistance to change Resistance to change is not rigorously related to organizations management and leadership. It is a problem embedded in the very nature of its organizational members. In any case, resistance to change is a significant factor that must be understood in the organizational context. Examples of resistance may include, refusal to work, riots (in extreme cases). On the other hand the employees can demonstrate contentment with change, a happier performance at work and a general consensus that the change was beneficial to the restaurant. Individuals can arrive at a psychological state where major change can no longer be absorbed. According to psychologists, change can trigger emotional experiences such as depression, mania, irritability, anger, disturbing or obsessive thoughts. According to Conner (1998) the main sources of individual resistance to change are: lack of trust, commitment to the status quo, belief that the change is not feasible, economic threats, relative high costs, loss of status and power, and threats to values and ideals. Tushman and OReilly (1997), state that despite the inevitability of change and its necessity for survival, it presents serious dilemmas to anyone serious about the notion of change. Change is disruptive to organizations. That is undeniable. Change is not helpful to an environment of stability; it precipitates more and more disruption wooing business leaders to a critical deadlock. One cannot have both stability and change; they are conflicting forces. Pascal, R et el (1997), state, findings from surveys confirm that executives have begun to give renewal a high priorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.however, most of their efforts to achieve it have met with frustration partly because large organizations have such a remarkable capacity to resist change of all kinds. 2.4.1. Sources of resistance in the implementation stage According to Klein and Sorra (1996) implementation of any change in the organization is the significant step between the decision to change and the regular use of it at the organization. In implementation stage more resistance groups can be found. The main resistance is with political and cultural locks to change. It consists of: Implementation climate and relation between change values and organizational values, considering that a strong implementation climate when the values relation is negative will result in resistance and opposition to change and forgetfulness of the social dimension of changes ( Schalk et al., 1998). Last but not least, a set of five sources of resistance with different characteristics are according to Rumelt (1995): leadership inaction, sometimes because leaders are afraid of uncertainty, sometimes for fear of changing the status quo ;embedded routines ;collective action problems, specially dealing with the difficulty to decide who is going to move first or how to deal with free-extruders ,ask of the necessary capabilities to implement change capabilities gap and cynicism. 2.4.2. Sources of resistance in the formulation stage of change To understand resistance in the process of change in any organization, we need to focuses on the very fast formulation stage of change. It includes: inability of the company to look into the future with clarity. According to Morrison and Milliken (2000) organizational silence, which limits the information flow with individuals who do not express their thoughts, meaning that decisions are made without all the necessary information. Denial or refusal to accept any information that is not expected or desired ( Rumelt, 1995). Low motivation for change, sources are: Direct costs of change, is the cost of change that brings success to a product but at the same time brings losses to others, so it requires some sort of sacrifice. According to Rumelt (1995) the need for a change is compensated through the high rents obtained without change with another different factor, so that there is no real motivation for change. According to Lorenzo (2000) past failures, leave a pessimistic image for future changes. Waddell and Sohal (1998) identified different interests among employees and management, or lack of motivation of employees who value change results less than managers value them). 2.5. Kotter and Schlesingers Choosing Strategies Choosing Strategies for Change an article of Kotter and Schlesingers (1979) explain causes for resistance to change. Organizations frequently experience employees resistance when change is introduced.